Ethnically and socially diverse, Canadian Muslims enjoy legal equality regarding citizenship, religious practice, and institution building, yet experience prejudice and religious intolerance that is rooted in twentieth-century racially structured immigration policy, reinforced by Canadian and American media portrayals, and centered on images of male violence (particularly to Muslim women) that legitimize Western political motives.

The extent to which Muslim Canadians differ in their informal identification and formal affiliation with coreligionists…