Turks came to the central Islamic lands at different times. First (ninth–tenth centuries) they came as captives; upon arrival they were converted to Islam and came to be known as mamlūks; they were a population consisting mostly of males. Later (eleventh–twelfth centuries) they came in groups, first making incursions into, and later settling in these regions. Towards the end of the eleventh century they had established themselves as Seljuks; later they would …