[German Version]

(permissio) in the doctrine of providence emphasizes God’s effective role, especially in gov-¶ ernment (gubernatio) – as distinct from the modes of hindrance and restriction (impeditio and determinatio), and direction (directio) – in recognizing the independence of his creatures, even when this is a possible basis for evil, sin, and suffering, including the risk of claims to independence of God (Ps 81:13; Rom 1:24, 28). Permission is linked to the problem of theodicy. God does not will evil, sin, and suffering, even if they oc…