The doctrine. The wish for a more vital theology sent the Louvain professors M. Baius (1513–89) and J. Hessels (1522–66) back to the sources, especially to Augustine. Baius’s chief interests were the corruption of man and the necessity of grace. Taking the former as his theme, he started with the nature of man, which he saw as primarily ordained to adhering to God through the observance of the commandments, pietas and the other charisms of the Spirit. Another element of nature is the subordination of sensual desires to the Spirit. It is also part of the natural o…