1. Concept and problems. The term, ideology first appears in the discussions carried on by the French Enlightenment with Napoleon Bonaparte. The “Idéologues” were looked on by the political reactionaries as unworldly doctrinaires. But the general view is that “ideology” has a history going back as far as Bacon. It is still hardly possible to give a strict definition of ideology. The term is used in many ways — from the popular way of identifying ideology with programmed lying, the sceptical treatme…