1. By Kantianism we understand all philosophical systems dependent on the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). Kant’s philosophical development is generally divided into two periods. In the pre-critical period (1755-81), Kant remained on the traditional ground of the metaphysics of Leibniz and Wolff. But his dissertation of 1770 already contained elements which anticipated the structures of his Critique of Pure Reason (first published 1781, and then in a revised edition in 1787). Kant also expressed doubts as to the validity of metaphysica specialis in his p…