A. The Term and Concept

Modernism, in the strict theological sense, is a general term for the manifold crisis in the doctrine and discipline of the Church at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. In its extreme forms it was the occasion of the condemnation pronounced by Pius X in 1907, in the decree Lamentabili and the encyclical Pascendi.

The term “modernism” was in use since the 16th century to characterize the tendency to esteem the modern age more high…