1. Pantheism is not a special and self-contained phenomenon in the history of religions, but a constantly recurring tendency which appears in almost all religions, cultures and philosophies: the tendency to define the relationship of God or the absolute to the world and the cosmos as that of unity. It is difficult to reduce its various manifestations to one common definition, since they developed in each case on the basis of various concepts of God and the world and in terms of various epochs in…