1. Basic remarks on the history and nature of pastoral theology. The need for systematic doctrine and practical, up-to-date guidelines for the exercise of the pastoral ministry led to the development of pastoral theology as a separate discipline within theological studies. This took place from about 1770 onwards, at first in Austria, and shortly afterwards in Germany and neighbouring countries. The individual pastor was alone regarded as the agent of the Church’s pastoral action. Consequentlyhe and his ac…