1. Historical. Zionism has had three aspects. The first was the “practical Zionism” occasioned by pogroms in Russia, 1881 on, and also inspired by the writings of L. Pinsker (Auto-Emancipation [ 1882; Е. T., 1891]), head of the movement of the Hoveve Zion, the “Lovers of Zion”. Funds were raised by Western Jews, institutionalized as the Palestinian Office, Jaffa, 1908, and it brought some 60,000 Jews to Palestine, then a province of the Turkish Empire, by 1914. The second aspect was “political Zionism”, crystallized in year…