In Volume 3: Lexicography; Grammar; Prosody, and Poetics; Rhetoric, Riddles, and Chronograms; Ornate Prose; Proverbs; Tales

previous chapter: 1.2 Persian-Arabic

¶ § 93. Aḥmad b. Isḥāq al-Baqqāl al-Qaisarī does not mention the date at which he composed the Tāj al-ruʾūs, but it must be among the earliest Persian-Turkish vocabularies, since its author claims that no such work had previously been written, though similar aids to the study of Arabic already existed.

Tāj al-ruʾūs wa-g̲h̲urrat al-nufūs, a meagre Persian-Turkish vocabulary consisting of a sketch of Persian grammar and five short chapters ((1) the asmāʾ i d̲h̲āt, or concrete nouns, (2) the asmāʾ, (3) on is̲h̲tiqāq, or conjugation, (4) the maṣdar, a list of infinitives, (5) dar qawāʿid i ḥurūf): Blochet ii 1010 (2) (foll. 138–148a apparently. ah 953/1546), Leipzig Eleischer 31 (defective at end).

§ 94. For Uqnūm i ʿAjam, an old vocabulary of Persian infinitives with explanations in Persian and Turkish, of unknown authorship and date, see § 8 supra.

§ 95. According to the information obtained by Rieu (Turk. Cat. p. 137b) from Qinālī-zādah Ḥasan C̲h̲elebī’s Tad̲h̲kirat al-s̲h̲uʿarāʾ (completed in 994/1586) Luṭf Allāh b. Abī Yūsuf al-Ḥalīmī, one of the Qāḍīs of the time of Muḥammad ii, enjoyed the patronage of Maḥmūd Pās̲h̲ā [who was Grand Vizier from 857/1453 to 872/1467 and again from 877/1472 to 878/1473: see Ency. Isl. under Maḥmūd Pas̲h̲a] and wrote in addition to the Baḥr al-gharāʾib “now better known as Lughat i Ḥalīmī” a text-book and commentary on the law of inheritance, in which he was deeply versed [cf. Ḥ. K̲h̲. iv p. 398 under Farāʾiḍ al-Ḥalīmī]. Ḥājjī K̲h̲alīfah says in the place just referred to that he died in the reign of Sulṭan Bāyazīd b. M. [ ah 886/1481–918/1512].

Baḥr al-g̲h̲arāʾib, an exhaustive work for the fixation of the elegant language (see Rieu Turk. Cat. p. 138a), evidently soon superseded by the Nit̲h̲ār al-Malik and the Qāsimīyah (if that was its title) which were written by the author for the elucidation of its difficulties: possibly extant in Turkey.¹

“Commentaries”:

(1)

Nit̲h̲ār al-Malik (a chronogram = 872/1467–8. Beg. Ḥamd u sipās i bī-ḥadd u qiyās mar ʿĀlim al-sirr wa-’l-k̲h̲afīyāt), a dictionary without examples from the poets,² shorter (and probably also earlier) than ¶ the Qāʾimah, dedicated to the S̲h̲āh-zādah Bāyazīd b. M. K̲h̲ān (who is not mentioned in the preface to the Qāʾimah) and ending (in some mss. at any rate) with a faṣl dar is̲h̲tiqāq i amt̲h̲ilah i muk̲h̲talifah: Ḥ. K̲h̲. vi p. 299 (Nit̲h̲ār al-mulūk. No description), Breslau p. 24 no. 23 (2) (?) ( ah 889/1484. Probably the N. al-M., but the opening words are not quoted), Blochet ii 1011 ( ah 895/1490. Part of preface quoted), 1012 (transcribed from the preceding), 1013–14 (both abridged, the second dated 911/1505), iv 2432 ( ah 941/1535), 2158, Aumer 301 ( ah 918/1512), Vatican Borg. Pers. 2 ( ah 938/1532. Rossi p. 161), Bodleian 1691 ( ah 945/ 1538), Berlin 143.

(2)

(Lug̲h̲at i Ḥalīmī), as it is usually called, or Qāsimīyah i Luṭf Allāh i Ḥalīmī, as it is called by Niʿmat Allāh b. Aḥmad al-Rūmī,³ or Qāʾimat Luṭf Allāh … al-Ḥalīmī, as Ḥ. K̲h̲. calls it, (beg. Ḥamd i balīg̲h̲), a dictionary of Persian words explained in Turkish⁴ with copious examples from the old poets, arranged (in most mss. apparently⁵) in the now usual alphabetical order and divided into two daftars ((1) dar bayān i lug̲h̲āt ba-taʾyīd i abyāt i t̲h̲iqāt murattab ba-tartīb i ḥurūf i hijā, (2) [absent from most mss. including all those mentioned below, unless the contrary is stated] dar bayān i lug̲h̲āt i g̲h̲air i ẓāhirah u qawāʿid i muʿtabarah, a comparatively short appendix (in Turkish) dealing, according to Flügel ( i p. 128), with obscure expressions and the more important grammatical rules, or, according to Blochet ( ii p. 225¹⁴), with grammatical questions, versification and prosody, or, according to Aumer, with metaphors, riddles, etc.⁶): Ḥ. K̲h̲. ii p. 19 (Baḥr al-g̲h̲arāʾib), iv p. 503 (Qāʾimah i Luṭf Allāh), Sur. 15, Blochmann p. 6 no. 45, Lagarde pp. 17–24, Salemann p. 515 no. 22 (preface quoted), Breslau p. 24 no. 23 (2) (?) ( ah 889/1484. Although assumed by Brockelmann, who does not quote the opening words, to be a copy of the “Qāʾimah”, this ms. ¶ bracketed above are without the prefaceis probably the Nit̲h̲ār al-Malik), Blochet ii 1007 (both daftars. ah 911/1505–6), 1008–1010 (1), Flügel i 124 (1) (abridged. ah 915/1509), 122 (both daftars), 123 (both daftars), 125–6, Majlis ii 861 (early 16th cent.), Leningrad Pub. Lib. ( ah 930/ 1523–4. See Dorn 496), Mus. Asiat. 474 (see Literatur-Blatt für orient. Philol. ii p. 75), Upsala p. 17 nos. 23–25 (23 dated 933/ 1527. Preface quoted), Leyden i p. 98 no. 181 ( ah 942/1535–6), 182 (abridged and defective), Berlin 141–2, Aumer 302 (both daftars. Not the usual edition), Mas̲h̲had ii, fṣl. 11, mss., no. 36, Rieu Suppt. 164–5 (fuller description in Rieu Turk. Cat. p. 137), Bodleian 1688 (both daftars), 1689 (both daftars), 1690, Browne Suppt. 283 (?) (Tuḥfah i Qāsimīyah. Foll. 42b–65), 1106, Dresden 90, 169, Escurial 609, Krafft 21, Maʿārif i 168, as well as many copies in Istanbul (see Horn Pers. Hss. p. 493).

§ 96. Maḥmūd b. Adham.

Miftāḥ al-lug̲h̲ah (beg. Ḥamd i nā-maʿdūd u t̲h̲anā-yi nā-maḥdūd ōl Wājib al-wujūdah ōlsūn), a Persian-Turkish glossary completed in 896/1491, dedicated to Sulṭān Bāyazīd ii ( ah 886/1481–918/1512), arranged according to the initial letters and divided into a muqaddimah (in two fuṣūl, (a) fī bayān ṭarīq is̲h̲tiqāq al-mus̲h̲taqqāt, (b) fī bayān al-amt̲h̲ilat al-muṭṭaridah) and two bābs ((1) fī ṣiyag̲h̲ al-maṣādir maʿ al-muḍāriʿ, (2) al-asmāʾ al-jāmidah): Ḥ. K̲h̲. vi p. 30, Salemann p. 518 no. 25, Flügel i 121 (1) ( ah 896/1491, autograph), Aumer Turk. Cat. Leyden i p. 53 no. 98 (Muqaddimah only. Described as a Persian grammar in Turkish), Lālah-lī 3619, Bas̲h̲īr Āg̲h̲ā (Eyüp) 341 (Horn Pers. Hss. p. 498).

§ 97. M. b. Ḥājjī Ilyās.

Tuḥfat al-hādiyah (beg. al-Ḥ. l. al-ʿAlī al-Qawī al-Jabbār), a small glossary of Persian words with their Turkish equivalents arranged in ten qisms (infinitives followed by other verbal forms) and four faṣls (some common substantives under four subject-headings), being a form of the book known as Risālah i Dānistan or Kitāb i Dānistan or Lug̲h̲at i Dānistan or Dānistan from the first of the infinitives given: Ḥ. K̲h̲. ii p. 243, Lagarde p. 32 (cf. p. 40 under Risālah i Dānistan), Salemann p. 519 no. 31, Blochet ii 936 (early 17th cent.), [937–8], iv 2429, Cataloghi [ i p. 36 no. 1 (Rome, Vittorio Emanuele), p. 37 no. 2 (ibid.),] v p. 467 no. 20 ( ah 1002/1594 (?). Casanatense), Rieu ii 789a (circ. ah 1010/1601), Bodleian 1702–3, [1704–12], [Breslau (Brockelmann) p. 24 no. 24], [Breslau (Richter) p. 40 no. 165], [Gotha 13], Leyden i p. 98 no. 180, [p. 97 no. 179], Berlin 149, [150–1], Browne Pers. Cat. 169 (2), [164, Hand-list 982], Dresden 275, [Flügel 142–3], Krafft 13, Cairo p. 436 (two copies), [Salemann-Rosen p. 17 no. 118b].

¶ The mss. bracketed above are without the preface in which M. b. Ḥājjī Ilyās speaks as the author and gives the work the title Tuḥfat al-hādiyah.

§ 98. Ḥasan b. Ḥusain ʿImād [al-Dīn?] al-Qarā-Ḥiṣārī.

S̲h̲āmil al-lug̲h̲ah (beg. Ḥamd i bī-ḥadd u t̲h̲anāʾ i bī-ʿadd mar ān ʿĀlimī rā kih Ādam i ṣafī), called Lug̲h̲at i Qarā-Ḥiṣārī by Niʿmat Allāh and Surūrī, a dictionary dedicated to Sulṭān Bāyazīd b. M. b. Murād (reigned 886–918/1481–1512), based on thirteen earlier works (specified by Palmer) and divided into two qisms ((1) Persian nouns arranged in bābs and nauʿs according to the final and initial letters and grouped further according to the first vowel, (2) (a) Persian infinitives arranged according to the first letter, (b) a short Persian grammar in Persian): Sur.² 38, Lagarde p. 43, Salemann p. 518 no. 27, Cairo ( ah 947/1540–1. See Spitta in zdmg. 30 (1876) p. 318), Rieu ii 513a = Turk. Cat 139a (Qism i only. 17th cent.), Browne Suppt. 784 (Trinity. See Palmer p. 39), Aumer 310 (late 18th cent.), Āyā Ṣōfyah 4695, Kamān-kas̲h̲ 663, possibly also Browne Pers. Cat. 163 (1) ( ah 907/1501).

§ 99. K̲h̲aṭīb Rustam al-Maulawī

Wasīlat al-maqāṣid ilā aḥsan al-marāṣid (beg. al-Ḥ. l. Rabb al-arbāb muyassir al-muyassar wa-’l-ṣiʿāb), a Persian-Turkish dictionary (containing according to Ḥ. K̲h̲. 1095 infinitives and 10,000 nouns) completed in S̲h̲aʿbān 903/April 1498, arranged alphabetically with subordinate groupings according to the first vowel and divided into three bābs ((1) dar tartīb i maṣādir u auzān u ḥālāt i ānhā, (2) dar tartīb i amt̲h̲ilah min al-muk̲h̲talifah wa-’l-muṭṭaridah, (3) dar tartīb i asmāʾ i maujūdāt) and a k̲h̲ātimah (dar tartīb i maʿānī i ḥurūf min al-adāt [sic] wa-’l-ẓurūf wa-’l-aʿdād wa-’l-wuqūf): Ḥ. K̲h̲. vi p. 441, Lagarde p. 63, Salemann p. 519 no. 30, Leningrad Mus. Asiat. 479 ( ah 944/1537–8. See Literatur-Blatt für orient. Philol. ii (1884–5) p. 78), Upsala Zetterstéen 264 ( ah 955/1548?), D.M.G. 55 ( ah 967/1559–60. Cf. zdmg. vi (1852) p. 152 no. 150), Krafft 20 ( ah 984/1576), Majlis ii 869 (?) ( ah 988/1580. This ms. is differently divided), Blochet ii 1015 (late 16th cent. Preface quoted), 1016, Berlin 102 (1), Bodleian 1687, Browne Suppt. 1354 (Trinity R. 13. 17 (2). Palmer p. 40), Flügel i 216 (2), Glasgow ( jras. 1906 p. 598 no. 9), Āyā Ṣōfyah 4784 and several others in Istanbul (see Horn Pers. Hss. p. 498).

§ 100. Ibrāhīm “S̲h̲āhidī” Dadah⁷ b. “K̲h̲udāʾī Dadah, born at Mug̲h̲lah,⁸ in the province of Mantas̲h̲ah was, like his father, a Maulawī (Mevlevī) dervish, and ¶ died in 957/1550. He completed in 937/1530–1 his Guls̲h̲an i tauḥīd, a five-fold amplification of six hundred select verses from Rūmī’s Mat̲h̲nawī (Edition: [Istanbul] 1298/1881° (cf. Browne Coll. E. 18 (6)). mss.: Blochet iii 1360–2, Rosen Institut 42, Rieu ii 592, Bombay Univ. p. 167, Browne Pers. Cat. 229, Leyden ii p. 112, Flügel iii 1950, Leningrad Univ. 1040).

[Biography prefixed to the Muzīl al-k̲h̲afāʾ; Rieu Turk. Cat. p. 139, where references are given to the Turkish tad̲h̲kirahs of Laṭīfī, Qinali-zādah and ʿĀlī and to Hammer’s Gesch. der Osm. Dichtkunst ii p. 258; Flügel i p. 142 n.]

(1)

Tuḥfah i S̲h̲āhidī (beg. Ba-nām i K̲h̲āliq u Ḥaiy u Tuwānā), a metrical Persian-Turkish vocabulary composed in 920/1514–15 or 921/1515–16 on the model of the Tuḥfah i Ḥusāmī⁹ and consisting of twenty-six qiṭʿahs in various metres, once a popular school-book and “the best known work of the class after Vehbí’s, which superseded it” (E.J.W. Gibb iv p. 257): Lagarde pp. 29–32, Salemann p. 521 no. 39, Rieu ii 789a ( ah 1010/1601), 513b = Turk. Cat. 139b ( ah 1062–1652), Turk. Cat. 139b–141a (8 copies), Blochet ii 1018 (early 17th cent.), 1019, Aumer 304 (1) ( ah 1053/1643–4), 305–7, 28, Berlin 104 (1), 144–6, pp. 1049–50 nos. 145^b–145^e, Leyden i p. 102 nos. 194–6, Leningrad Institut (Rosen nos. 120–1), Mus. Asiat. and Univ. (several copies. See Literatur-Blatt für orient. Philol. ii (1884–5) p. 76), Pub. Lib. (Dorn 493), Upsala 27–32, Zetterstéen 265, Gotha 14–16, p. 118 no. 16^a, Arab. Cat. v p. 491–2 nos. 16^c, 16^d, 16^e, Dresden 8, 221 (2), 235 (3), Flügel i 131–2, Krafft 22 (7 copies), Philadelphia Lewis Coll. 90, Bodleian 1692–6, Breslau p. 38 no. 32, Breslau Richter 155, Browne Suppt. 274 (Queens’ 11), 275 (Trinity), Göttingen, Pers. 63 (1), Hamburg 218, Turin 73 (2), Vatican (Rossi p. 88).

Edition: Istanbul 1275/1858–9 (see Harrassowitz’s Bücher-Katalog 400 p. 138 no. 2775, Karatay, p. 169).

Commentaries:

(1)

Tuḥfat al-mulūk (beg. Sipās i bī-qiyās u s̲h̲ukr i bī-miqyās), a Turkish commentary completed in 1063/ 1653 by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Quddūsī; Ḥ. K̲h̲. (Ḥanīf-zādah) vi p. 599 no. 14815, Lagarde p. 31, Salemann p. 546 no. 93, Dorn p. 430 no. 494, Krafft 23 (small fragment), Bāyazīd 3111, Kamānkas̲h̲ 648, K̲h̲usrau Pās̲h̲ā 727, Lālah-lī 3564.

(2)

S̲h̲arḥ i Manẓūmah i S̲h̲āhidī (beg. al-Ḥ. l. R. al-ʿā. wa-’l-ṣ. wa-’l-s. ʿalā k̲h̲airi k̲h̲alqihi M.), an enormous Turkish commentary completed (?) after twenty years’ labour in 1078/ 1667–8 by ʿAbd al-Qādir b. ʿUmar al-Bag̲h̲dādī (for whom see § 106 infra): Lagarde p. 31, Salemann p. 552 no. 107, Flügel i 139 (2) (commentary on first qiṭʿah only).

(3)

¶ S̲h̲arḥ al-Tuḥfat al-S̲h̲āhidīyah (beg. al-Ḥ. l. R. al-ʿā. wa-’l-ṣ. wa-’l-s. ʿalā Saiyid al-awwalīn), an Arabic commentary translated for the most part from his vastly larger Turkish commentary by the same ʿAbd al-Qādir b. ʿUmar al-Bag̲h̲dādī: Lagarde p. 32, Salemann p. 553 no. 111, Flügel i 133 ( ah 1093/1682).

(4)

Tuḥfah i Mīr, a Turkish commentary completed in 1101/1689–90 by S.M. al-Jamālī b. S. ʿAbd al-Bāqī known as (al-s̲h̲ahīr bi-) Pīrī-Pās̲h̲ā-zādah: Ḥ. K̲h̲. (Ḥanīf-zādah) vi p. 598, Salemann p. 553 no. 112, Nūr i ʿUt̲h̲mānīyah 4756.

(5)

Faiḍ al-Hādī li-[or bi-?] ḥall mus̲h̲kilāt al-S̲h̲āhidī (beg. Fārisān i tag-u-tāz i maidān i ḥamd), a Turkish commentary written in 1112/1700–1 by M. ʿIṣmat b. Ibrāhīm known as (al-s̲h̲ahīr bi-) Ḥājjī C̲h̲elebī: Ḥ. K̲h̲. (Ḥanīf-zādah) vi p. 598, Salemann p. 553 no. 113, Asʿad 3248, Qilīj ʿAlī 1007.

(6)

Taʿrīb i Lug̲h̲at i S̲h̲āhidī (beg. Ba-nām i ān ʿaṭā-bak̲h̲s̲h̲ u k̲h̲aṭā-pūsh*), “manẓūm i ʿArabī u Turkī” written in 1136/1723–4 by S̲h̲. Mūsā Dah-dah b. S̲h̲. ʿAlī al-Maulawī; H. K̲h̲. (Ḥanīf-zādah) vi p. 560, Salemann p. 555 no. 119, Asʿad 3197.

(7)

Hadīyat al-mubtadī bar Tuḥfah i S̲h̲āhidī (beg. Ḥamd ān Mubdiʿ i bī-mit̲h̲āl), a Turkish commentary by Ḥalīmī known as Qarah ʿAlī Āg̲h̲ā-zādah ʿUt̲h̲mān: Lagarde p. 31, Salemann p. 558 no. 125, Aumer 308.

(8)

(S̲h̲arḥ i Tuḥfah i S̲h̲āhidī) (beg. al-Ḥ. l. ’l. s̲h̲arrafanā), a Turkish commentary by Ḥusain “Kas̲h̲fī” afterwards “Nevy” [sic?], a native of Qarā-Ḥiṣār S̲h̲arqī (in the pashalik of Erzerum): Salemann p. 560 no. 135, Dorn p. 430 ( ah 1168/1754–5).

(9)

(S̲h̲arḥ i Tuḥfah i S̲h̲āhidī) (beg. Har kih nah gūyā ba-Tū k̲h̲āmūs̲h̲ bih), a Turkish commentary by Mullā ʿAlī Pur-quṣūr Kark̲h̲ī Baktās̲h̲ī: Berlin 147 ( ah 1245/1829), 147^a (p. 1050).

(10)

Muzīl al-k̲h̲afāʾ, a large Turkish commentary composed in 1255/1839–40 and dedicated to Sulṭān ʿAbd al-Majīd by S. Ḥājjī M. Murād Naqs̲h̲bandī¹⁰ b. S̲h̲. ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm Naqs̲h̲bandī: Istanbul 1256/1840 (cf. Journal ¶ Asiatique 1846 Aug.-Sept. p. 279; Zenker ii no. 61; Flügel i pp. 137¹, 142¹⁷; Lagarde p. 32; Salemann p. 564 no. 149, Karatay p. 169).

§ 101. S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Aḥmad b. Sulaimān [Pās̲h̲ā] b. Kamāl Pās̲h̲ā, known as Kamāl-Pās̲h̲ā-zādah or Ibn Kamāl Pās̲h̲ā, a Turkish historian and poet and a prolific author in Arabic, was born at Adrianople and died on 2 S̲h̲awwāl 941¹¹/6 April 1535 at Istanbul.¹²

[al-S̲h̲aqāʾiq al-Nuʿmānīyah, Cairo 1310, i pp. 420–4, Rescher’s translation pp. 243–5; al-Fawāʾid al-bahīyah pp. 21–2; Zaidān Taʾrīk̲h̲ ādāb al-lug̲h̲at al-ʿArabīyah iii pp. 327–8; Ency. Isl. under Kemāl-Pas̲h̲a-zāde; Babinger Geschichtsschreiber der Osmanen pp. 61–3; Brockelmann ii pp. 449–53, Sptbd. ii pp. 668–73; etc., etc.]

Daqāʾiq al-ḥaqāʾiq (beg. Sipās i bī-qiyās K̲h̲udāy i bī-hamtā-yah kih gulzār i badāyiʿ), a disorderly collection of Persian synonyms etc. with Turkish explanations and numerous examples from the poets, dedicated to the Ṣāḥib-dīwān Ibrāhīm Pās̲h̲ā [Grand Vizier to Sulaimān the Magnificent from 929/1523 to 942/1536: see Ency. Isl. under Ibrāhīm Pās̲h̲ā]: Ḥ. K̲h̲. iii p. 232, Lagarde p. 37, Salemann p. 523 no. 48, Upsala 26 ( ah 966/1558), Sipahsālār ii p. 259 ( ah 971/1563–4), Flügel i 127 (1) ( ah 987/1579), 128 (1), 129, Berlin 176 ( ah 990/1582), p. 1051 no. 176^a (defective at both ends), Majlis ii 856 (16th cent.), Rieu ii 514a (17th cent.), Leyden i p. 99 nos. 183, 184, Marsigli 444 (2), Salemann-Rosen p. 14 no. 123b, and others in Istanbul (see Horn Pers. Hss. p. 495 no. 878).

Analysis: Mines de l’Orient iii (1813) pp. 47–52 (by Hammer).

§ 102. Niʿmat Allāh b. Aḥmad b. Qāḍī Mubārak al-Rūmī was born at Sofia and followed the craft of an enameller. Moving to Istanbul he entered the Naqs̲h̲bandī order and became a collector of books and curiosities. He died in 969/1561–2 and was buried in the Naqs̲h̲bandī monastery near the Adrianople Gate.

[ʿAṭāʾī D̲h̲ail al-S̲h̲aqāʾiq al-Nuʿmānīyah ii p. 75 (summarised by Blau, zdmg. 31 (1877) p. 486); Ency. lsl. under Niʿmat Allāh b. Aḥmad.]

Lug̲h̲at i Niʿmat Allāh¹³ (beg. Ḥamd i bī-qiyās u shukr i bā-sipās ān Mālik i bī-hamtāy rā), a comprehensive¹⁴ and valuable Persian-Turkish dictionary with numerous examples from the poets (especially S̲h̲ams i Fak̲h̲rī) ¶ and explanations of even the most usual words (barāy i ʿawāmm al-nās), divided into three qisms ((1) verbs in alphabetical order, (2) on the particles and the rules of inflexion (Qawāʿid al-Furs), (3) nouns arranged in bābs according to the initial letter with a further grouping according to the first vowel): Ḥ. K̲h̲. vi p. 362 (under Niʿmat Allāh), an. 32, Lagarde p. 53, Salemann p. 526 no. 54 (preface quoted), Blochet ii 1020 ( ah 947/1541, autograph (?). 15 ll. quoted from preface), 1022 ( ah 979/1571), 1023–5, Browne Pers. Cat. 161 (?) ( ah 966/1559), 162 ( ah 974/1567), Flügel i 134 ( ah 966/ 1558–9), 135, Leyden i p. 101 nos. 190 ( ah 966/1558–9), 191 ( ah 987/1579), 192, Leningrad Pub. Lib. (= Dorn p. 426, nos. 491, 492, the former dated 969/1561–2), Mus. Asiat. 175 ( ah 996/1588. See Literatur-Blatt für orient. Philol. ii (1884–5) p. 77), Mus. Asiat. Fonton Coll. 11 ( ah 1037/1627. The ms. described by Blau), Āṣafīyah ii p. 1460 no. 108 ( ah 993/1585), Bodleian 1697–9, Sipahsālār ii p. 265, Berlin 135–7, Rieu ii 514b, Lindesiana p. 203 no. 884, Breslau p. 38 no. 34, Cataloghi p. 38 no. 4 (Hebrew script. ah 1013. Rome, Vittorio Emanuele), Dresden 182, Glasgow ( jras. 1906 p. 607 no. 21), and many others in Istanbul (see Horn Pers. Hss. p. 497 no. 899).

Description etc.: Ueber Ni‘met-ullah’s persisch-türkisches Wörterbuch. Von Dr. O. Blau (in zdmg. 31 (1877) pp. 484–94).

Abridgment by the author himself: Majmaʿ al-lug̲h̲āt (beg. as in the unabridged work): Blochet ii 1021 (?) ( ah 957/1550, autograph), Rieu ii 515a (17th cent.), 515b, Flügel i 128 (2) (much abridged), Berlin 134.

§ 103. M. b. Muṣṭafā b. S̲h̲. Luṭf Allāh [al-Das̲h̲īs̲h̲ī].

al-Tuḥfat al-sanīyah ilā ’l-ḥaḍrat al-Ḥasanīyah, often called al-Das̲h̲īs̲h̲ah¹⁵ or Lug̲h̲at i Das̲h̲īs̲h̲ah, (beg.?¹⁶), a once well-known Persian-Turkish dictionary with numerous examples from the poets, dedicated in 988/1580 to Ḥasan Pās̲h̲ā, Amīr al-umarāʾ bi-Miṣr (Ḥ. K̲h̲.), and arranged according to the last and first letters: Ḥ. K̲h̲. ii p. 229, Lagarde p. 29, Salemann p. 530 no. 60, Flügel i 136 (partly ah 1036/1626–7), Aumer 303 ( ah 1145/1732–3), and many others in Istanbul (see Horn Pers. Hss. p. 494 no. 863).

¶ § 104. Muḥyī ’l-Dīn M. “Muns̲h̲ī” b. Badr al-Dīn Aq-Ḥiṣārī Ṣārūk̲h̲ānī began in 981/1573 at his birthplace, Aq Ḥiṣār,¹⁷ a concise Arabic commentary on the Qurʾān which he completed in 999/1591 and which al-Muḥibbī describes as mas̲h̲hūr (see Ḥ. K̲h̲. vi p. 339 under Nazīl al-tanzīl, Brockelmann ii 439, Sptbd. ii p. 652). In 982/1574 he was appointed S̲h̲aik̲h̲ al-Ḥaram al-Nabawī at al-Madīnah and he died at Mecca in 1000/1592 or 1001/1592–3.

[K̲h̲ulāṣat al-at̲h̲ar iii pp. 400–1; Rieu Turk. Cat. p. 159a; Ency. Isl. under Aḳ Ḥiṣār; Brockelmann ii p. 439, Sptbd. ii p. 651; etc.]

(1)

Mut̲h̲allat̲h̲ (beg. Sp. u st. i k̲h̲ulūṣ-numāyis̲h̲), a vocabulary of Persian words composed of the same consonants but differing in vocalisation, completed in 991/1583: Blochet ii 1026 (1) (Mecca, ah 994/1586, probably autograph).

(2)

al-Mut̲h̲annā, explanations of 775 Persian words: see Brockelmann Sptbd. ii p. 652.

(3)

Jinān al-janān, a concise Persian-Turkish dictionary with examples from the poets including “Muns̲h̲ī” himself, completed in 993/1585: Blochet ii 1026 (2) (Mecca, ah 994/ 1586, probably autograph).

§ 105. M. “Riyāḍī” b. Muṣṭafā, Qāḍī of Aleppo, author of the Riyāḍ al-s̲h̲uʿarāʾ, a Turkish biographical dictionary of poets, and Turkish translator of Ibn K̲h̲allikān’s Wafayāt al-aʿyān, was born in 980/1572–3 and died in 1054/1644 (see Ency. Isl. under Riyāḍī, Babinger Geschichtsschreiber der Osmanen p. 177).

Dastūr al-ʿamal (beg. Sipās i farāwān ōl Mutakallim i bī-zabān-ah arzānī-dir), a glossary of Persian phrases with Turkish explanations and examples from the Persian poets: Ḥ. K̲h̲. iii p. 227, Lagarde p. 36, Salemann p. 543 no. 86, Flügel i 138 ( ah 1033/1624), 90 (2) ( ah 1068/1657–8), 137, Berlin 172 (2), 173, Krafft 26, Leyden i p. 102 nos. 198, 199, Upsala 33 (1), Bāyazīd 3101 (1), 3102, Ḥamīdīyah 1391.

§ 106. ʿAbd al-Qādir b. ʿUmar al-Bag̲h̲dādī, one of the most learned of the later Arabic philologists, was born at Bag̲h̲dād in 1030/ 1621. After a year’s stay at Damascus he reached Cairo in 1050/ 1640–1 and studied at al-Azhar under various scholars, especially al-K̲h̲afājī. Most of the remainder of his life was spent in Cairo, where he died in 1093/1682. Of his works, seven of which are enumerated by Brockelmann (Sptbd. ii p. 397), the best known is the K̲h̲izānat al-adab, an Arabic commentary composed in 1073–9/1663–8 on the verses quoted in ¶ the commentary of Raḍī al-Dīn al-Astarābādī on Ibn al-Ḥājib’s Kāfiyah. For his commentaries on the Tuḥfah i S̲h̲āhidī see §§ 100 (2) and (3) supra.

[K̲h̲ulāṣat al-at̲h̲ar ii pp. 451–4; Ency. Isl. under ʿAbd al-Ḳādir; Brockelmann ii p. 286, Sptbd. ii p. 397.]

Lug̲h̲at i S̲h̲āh-nāmah, or Lug̲h̲āt i mus̲h̲kilah i S̲h̲āh-nāmah, or Mus̲h̲kilāt i S̲h̲āh-nāmah (beg. S̲h̲ah-nāmah i har lug̲h̲at buwad ḥamd i K̲h̲udā), a Turkish glossary to the S̲h̲āh-nāmah composed originally for the author’s own use in 1067/1656–7 (not 1076) and arranged according to the final and initial letters: Ḥ. K̲h̲. (Ḥanīf-zādah) vi p. 626, Salemann p. 546 no. 96, Leningrad Univ. 461 ( ah 1082/1671–2. See Literatur-Blatt für orient. Philol. ii (1884–5) p. 78, Salemann-Rosen p. 18), Flügel i 139 (1), ʿĀs̲h̲ir 1112, Āyā Ṣōfyah 4684, Rāg̲h̲ib Pās̲h̲ā 1443 (Horn Pers. Hss. p. 497 no. 896).

Edition: ʿAbdulqâdiri Baġdâdensis lexicon Šahnâmianum …, cui accedunt ejusdem auctoris in lexicon Šâhidianum … commentariorum, turcici particula prima, arabici excerpta … Recensuit, annotationibus, indicibus instruxit, edidit C. Salemann. Tomi I pars 1. St. Petersburg 1895°* (pp. 246, 17).

§ 107. Ḥasan Efendī “S̲h̲uʿūrī”, who died in 1130/1717–18 according to Ḥanīf-zādah (Ḥ. K̲h̲. vi p. 555⁶), wrote in addition to his dictionary three Turkish works mentioned by the same authority, namely (1) Taʿdīl i amzijah, a medical work dedicated to the Grand Vizier Muṣṭafā Pās̲h̲ā (Ḥ. K̲h̲. vi pp. 533, 563), (2) Lug̲h̲at al-as̲h̲ʿār wa-’l-ḍurūb wa-’ṣṭilāḥāt al-s̲h̲uʿarāʾ, written in, or about, 1120/1708–9 and alphabetically arranged¹⁸ (Ḥ. K̲h̲. vi p. 626) and (3) S̲h̲arḥ i Pand i ʿAṭṭār, a commentary written in, or about, 1125/1713.

Lisān al-ʿAjam, or Farhang i S̲h̲uʿūrī, (beg. al-Ḥ. l. ’l.¹⁹ ʿallama ’l-insāna mā lam yaʿlam), a dictionary completed after twelve years’ labour in 1075/1664–5²⁰ or 1092/1681²¹ and arranged like the Lug̲h̲at i Niʿmat Allāh: Ḥ. K̲h̲. (Ḥanīf-zādah) vi p. 555 (Tarjamah i lug̲h̲at i Farhang²² sammāhu Lisān al-ʿAjam li-mutarjim [li-mutarjimihi?] Ḥasan Efendī al-s̲h̲ahīr ¶ bi-S̲h̲uʿūrī etc.), Lagarde p. 50, Salemann p. 548 no. 106 (list of authorities quoted from the preface), Tashkent Univ. 28 (= pp. 218–451 (the second half) of Vol. ii in the printed edition, from which it was transcribed in 1271/1854–5).

Editions: Istanbul 1155/1742°*, 1314/1896–7 (Vol. i only? See Harrassowitz’s Bücher-Katalog 405 (1926) no. 978, Karatay p. 173).

§ 108. Sunbul-zādah M. “Wahbī” b. Rās̲h̲id was born at Marʿas̲h̲ [Maraş], where the Sunbul-zādahs were a prominent family. In 1190/1776 at the beginning of the reign of ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd i [1187–1203/1773–89] he was sent on a diplomatic mission to Karīm K̲h̲ān Zand, in the course of which he visited Erivan, Iṣfahān, Karīm K̲h̲ān’s capital, the language of which he calls Darī, Nihāwand and S̲h̲īrāz. At the last place, the language of which he calls Pahlawī, he made a long stay, associating with the poets and mastering their idioms. The Tuḥfah i Wahbī was one outcome of this visit to Persia, another being the frequent references to his journey in his subsequent poetry. On his return he was appointed Qāḍī of Eski Zagra in Eastern Rumelia and subsequently of Rhodes. In the reign of Sulṭān Salīm iii [1203–22/1789–1807] he lived at Istanbul, “versifying and merrymaking”, and richly rewarded for his poetry by the Sulṭān, to whom he dedicated his dīwān. He died at Istanbul on 14 Rabīʿ i 1224/29 April 1809 after a dissolute life of more than ninety years.

[Rieu Turk. Cat. p. 144; Gibb Ottoman poetry iv pp. 242–65; Ency. Isl. under Sunbulzāde Wehbī (Björkman).]

Tuḥfah i Wahbī (beg. Ḥamd i bī-ḥadd ō Karam-farmā-yah *), a metrical Persian-Turkish vocabulary completed in 1196/1782 for the author’s son Luṭf Allāh, dedicated to the Grand Vizier Ḥamīd K̲h̲alīl, consisting of fifty-seven qiṭʿahs and a mat̲h̲nawī, and evidently modelled on the Tuḥfah i S̲h̲āhidī, which it superseded: Lagarde p. 33, Salemann p. 561 no. 139, Gibb Ottoman poetry iv pp. 257–8, Rieu ii 515b = Turk. Cat. p. 144 (19th cent.), Flügel 141 (1), Breslau Richter 151.

Editions: Istanbul 1213/1798 (Zenker i p. 7, Flügel i p. 143, ras. cat. p. 440), 1223/1808 (Flügel i p. 143), 1230/1815 (Zenker i p. 7), 1232/1817 (Flügel i p. 143), 1252/1836–7 (Zenker i p. 7), 1256/1840 (Flügel i p. 143. Karatay p. 189), 1258/1842 (Flügel i p. 143. Karatay p. 189), and others (for which see Karatay pp. 189–90); Būlāq 1242/1826–7 (Flügel i p. 143); 1245/1829–30 (Zenker i p. 7, Flügel i p. 143); 1247/1831–2 (Flügel i p. 143); 1254/1838 (Zenker i p. 7).

Description: E.J.W. Gibb History of Ottoman poetry iv pp. 257–8.

Prose version by Ismāʿīl Kāmil al-Bilānī: Heidelberg T/P 406 ( ah [12] 65/1858. See Zeitschrift für Semitistik x/1–2 (1935) (p. 104).

¶ Commentaries:

(1)

S̲h̲arḥ al-Tuḥfat al-manẓūmat al-durrīyah fī lug̲h̲at [sic?] al-Fārisīyah wa-’l-Darīyah,²³ a Turkish commentary written in 1206/1791–2 by Ḥājjī Aḥmad “Ḥayātī”,²⁴ “an excellent commentary … which is still highly esteemed for the valuable information it contains on points connected with the Persian language” (E.J.W. Gibb, iv p. 258): Istanbul 1266/1849–50 (511 pp. See Harrassowitz’s Bücher-Katalog 405 (1926) no. 1182).

Probably this is the S̲h̲arḥ i Tuḥfah i Wahbī published at Istanbul in 1215/1800 (503 pp. Zenker i p. 7). Istanbul 1237/1822 (511 pp. Karatay p. 190); 1251/1836 (611 pp. Karatay p. 190); 1254/1839 (499 pp. Karatay p. 190).

(2)

Tuḥfah s̲h̲arḥī, by Muṣṭafā Labīb: Istanbul 1262/1845 (301 pp. Karatay p. 190); 1266/1850 (511 pp. Karatay p. 190).

§ 109. Appendix

(1)

Aṣl al-jawāb (beg. Ḥurūf al-alif. Ābā jamʿi ab. Ātas̲h̲dān u Ātas̲h̲-kadah ōjāq), an anonymous dictionary of Arabic and Persian words with Turkish explanations: Leyden i p. 109 no. 211.

(2)

Jāmiʿ al-Fārisī fī ʿilm al-lug̲h̲ah (beg. Ḥ. u sp. u t̲h̲anā-yi bī-q. mar ān K̲h̲udāy i farmāndih rā kih maujūd kard), an anonymous Persian-Turkish dictionary divided into five parts ((1) dar asmā, (2) dar afʿāl, (3) dar ḥurūf, (4) dar asmāʾ i mas̲h̲hūr azaz tārīk̲h̲ i Suryānī u mutaʿalliqātas̲h̲, (5) dar qawāʿid i s̲h̲arʿīyah): Leyden i p. 100 no. 185.

(3)

Lug̲h̲āt i Amīr Ḥusain al-Āyāsī (?)²⁵ (beg. Āb āwardan ba-ma-ʿnī i ʿillatī kih bar sunb i sutūr padīd āmad), a Persian-Turkish dictionary containing about 12,000 verbs followed by about 10,000 nouns: Leyden i p. 101 no. 193, Flügel i 144 ( ah 1023/1614, transcribed from the preceding ms.), apparently also Hamburg 219.

(4)

¶ Lug̲h̲at i Luṭf Allāh (beg. Ilāhī tā falak bāqī u ʿars̲h̲ u fars̲h̲ ōlah qāʾim), a metrical Persian-Turkish vocabulary in qiṭʿahs of different metres: Aumer 304 (6).

(5)

Lug̲h̲āt i ṣiḥāḥ (beg. Āb, Ābād, Ābādānī, Ābādān, Āb i pus̲h̲t), a vocabulary of about 6000 Persian words with Turkish equivalents: Salemann p. 521 no. 41, Flügel i 120 (2) ( ah 922/1516).

(6)

Mus̲h̲kilāt i S̲h̲āh-nāmah (?) (beg. S̲h̲ukr u sp. i bī-q. mar ān Qādirī-rā kih ba-yak naẓar), a glossary in four chapters ((1) Persian infinitives glossed in Turkish, (2) rules of Persian grammar in Persian, (3) miscellaneous examples, (4) Persian nouns glossed in Turkish): Browne Pers. Cat. 163 (2) (not later than ah 993/1585), Vatican Pers. 54 (104 foll. 17th cent. Rossi p. 81), Chanykov 34.

(7)

Qānūn al-Furs ʿalā uslūb Qānūn al-adab (?²⁶) (beg. Bāb al-alif. Nauʿ awwaluhu ’l-alif al-maftūḥah. Ayā, Ābistā, Abūk̲h̲alsā, Ad̲h̲arfizā, Azā, Arasṭūk̲h̲ūliyā etc.), a Persian-Turkish glossary [agreeing in arrangement with the first qism of the S̲h̲āmil al-lug̲h̲ah (cf. § 98 supra)]: Browne Pers. Cat. 163 (1) ( ah 907/1501).

(8)

Tuḥfat al-ʿus̲h̲s̲h̲āq (beg. Ba-nām i K̲h̲udāy ʿazza wa-jalla āg̲h̲āz kardam), a small anonymous vocabulary of Persian expressions with interlinear Turkish translation: Lagarde p. 32, Salemann p. 524 no. 53 (beginning quoted from a ms. belonging to V. Rosen), Flügel i 140 (16 foll. ah 958/1551).

(9)

Zubdat al-lug̲h̲āt, a dictionary in two parts, Arabic-Turkish and Persian-Turkish, by Aḥmad Nās̲h̲id: [Istanbul] 1283/1866° (pp. 304; 160).

next chapter: 1.4 Persian-Urdu