In Volume 1-2: Biography, Additions, and Corrections | Section 2, History, Biography, etc.

previous chapter: 13.2.1 Saints, Mystics, etc. (1)

¶ § 1321. Sulṭān M. Dārā-S̲h̲ukōh¹ “Qādirī”, the eldest son of the Mogul Emperor S̲h̲āh-Jahān (1037–68/1628–58) and Mumtāz-Maḥall, was born at Ajmēr in Ṣafar 1024/March 1615. In S̲h̲aʿbān 1042/Feb. 1633 he married Nādirah Bēgam, the daughter of his uncle, Sulṭān Parwēz. From 1043/1633, when he received his first manṣab (12,000/6,000) and the sarkār of Ḥiṣār as his fief, he was rapidly promoted and eventually reached unprecedented rank (60,000/40,000) in the State Service. He was appointed to several governorships (Allahabad in 1055/1645, the Panjāb in 1057/1647, Gujrāt (Gujarat) in 1059/1649, Multān, and Kābul in 1062/1652), but these provinces were administered for him by deputies, and Lahore was the only provincial capital to which he ever paid a visit of any length. In 1063/1653 he was in command at the unsuccessful siege of Qandahār, which forms the subject of Ras̲h̲īd K̲h̲ān’s Laṭāʾif al-ak̲h̲bār (see no. 733 supra). Although he had been recognized by S̲h̲āh-Jahān as heir to the throne, his claim was disputed in 1067/1657, when S̲h̲āh-Jahān fell ill, by his younger brothers, S̲h̲āh-S̲h̲ujāʿ, Aurangzēb and Murād-Bak̲h̲s̲h̲. He was twice defeated in battle by Aurangzēb, first at Samūgaṛh, near Āgrah, in Ramaḍān 1068/June 1658 and then at Ajmēr in Jumādā ii 1069/March 1659. On 26 D̲h̲ū ’l-Ḥijjah 1069/14 September 1659 he was executed at Delhi by order of Aurangzēb, who had obtained from the ʿulamāʾ a fatwā declaring him to be a kāfir.

Dārā-S̲h̲ukōh and his sister Jahān-ārā were, according to the latter (see ocm. xiii/4 p. 16^16–17), the first of Tīmūr’s line to set their feet upon the path of K̲h̲udā-ṭalabī and Ḥaqq-jūʾī. Dārā-S̲h̲ukōh himself says (Sakīnat al-auliyāʾ, Urdu trans. p. 5³) that darwīs̲h̲es had always fascinated him and that much of his time had been spent in seeking them out. Then on the 10th,² or the 29th,³ of D̲h̲ū ’l-Ḥijjah 1049, at the age of twenty-five, he had been admitted to the society of a saint (ēk dōst i K̲h̲udā⁴ kī ṣuḥbat mēn phunc̲h̲ā) and had been treated by him with great kindness.⁵ That which others used to obtain after a month he had ¶ obtained on the first night, and in a month that for which others needed a year. He had reached immediately and without austerities an aim usually attained only through years of severe discipline (sālhā-sāl kē mujāhadoṅ aur riyāḍatōṅ sē). Of Dārā-S̲h̲ukōh’s works the best known by far is the Safīnat al-auliyāʾ completed in 1049/1640, which may be described as a standard work of reference. Somewhat similar in content, but of narrower scope and much less known is the Sakīnat al-auliyāʾ completed in 1052/1642–3. The Risālah i Ḥaqq-numā, written in 1055/1645, is a small Ṣūfī tract.⁶ The Ḥasanāt al-ʿārifīn, composed in 1062/1652 is an annotated collection of ecstatic or paradoxical utterances (s̲h̲aṭaḥāt or s̲h̲aṭḥīyāt⁷) ascribed to various mystics.⁸ A work entitled Rumūz i taṣawwuf, which is described by Arberry as a catechism of Ṣūfī doctrine, was published with an Urdu translation at Lahore in [1923*]. Whether this is a genuine work of Dārā-S̲h̲ukōh’s and whether it contains a date are matters for investigation. The works of Dārā-S̲h̲ukōh’s last years are a remarkable series resulting from an interest in Hindu mystīcīsm and a desire to reconcile Hinduism and Islām. Apparently the earliest literary outcome of this interest was not actually a work of his but a record of some seventy questions posed by him to the Hindu ascetic Bābā Lāl⁹ and the answers given by the ¶ latter.¹⁰ In 1065/1654–5 he completed the Majmaʿ al-baḥrain,¹¹ in the preface¹² to which he says that in his intercourse with Hindu faqīrs he had ascertained that their divergence from the Ṣūfīs was merely verbal and that he had written the work with the object of reconciling the two systems. In 1067/1657 was completed at Delhi after six months’ labour the Sirr i akbar or Sirr al-asrār, a translation of 50¹³ or 52¹⁴ Upanishads undertaken by Dārā-S̲h̲ukōh with the help of some pandits of Benares.¹⁵ These works were congenial to him ¶ because “although he had perused the Pentateuch, the Gospels, the Psalms, and other sacred books, he had nowhere found the doctrine of Tauḥīd, or Pantheism, explicitly taught, but in the Beds (Vedas) and more especially in the Upnikhats (Upanishads), which contain their essence”.¹⁶ Another work, the Ṭarīqat al-ḥaqīqah, described by Edwards as a tract in prose and verse on the Vēdānta philosophy, was published at Gūjrānwālah in [1895°*]. An Urdu translation by Aḥmad ʿAlī Batālawī appeared at Lahore in [1923*]. A translation of the Yōgavāsishṭ’ha (Tarjamah i Jōg Bās̲h̲is̲h̲t) made in 1066/1655–6 (by a certain Ḥabīb Allāh according to Ethé 2927) under the auspices of Dārā-S̲h̲ukōh is preserved in several mss.¹⁷ There is also a translation of the Bhagavad-gītā, called in some mss. by the title Āb i zindagī,¹⁸ which is ascribed on very doubtful authority¹⁹ to Dārā-S̲h̲ukōh. According to Qanungo (i p. 139) the Gulzār i ḥāl, Walī Rām’s translation of the Prabōd’ha-c̲h̲andrōdaya (see no. 620 1st par. supra), was written “for the use of Dara Shukoh”. No authority is cited for this statement. In any case the Gulzār i ḥāl was not completed until 1073/1662–3, i.e. more than three years after Dārā-S̲h̲ukōh’s death.

Dārā-S̲h̲ukōh wrote poetry in which he used the tak̲h̲alluṣ “Qādirī”. His dīwān is mentioned by “Sark̲h̲wus̲h̲”, who describes it as short, and also by Kis̲h̲an C̲h̲and “Ik̲h̲lāṣ”. G̲h̲ulām-Sarwar Lāhaurī had seen a copy of it (K̲h̲azīnat al-aṣfiyāʾ i p. 174¹⁵), but it is now extremely rare.²⁰ Finally it may be noted that Dārā-S̲h̲ukōh was a calligraphist. Two pages from an autograph ms. of his Safīnat al-auliyāʾ are reproduced in ocm. x/3, where they face p. 114, and other specimens of his writing are in existence.²¹

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Safīnat al-auliyāʾ, completed on 27 Ramaḍān 1049/21 Jan. 1640 and devoted to short notices²² of holy men, namely the Prophet (p. 17), the ¶ first three Caliphs (p. 19), the Twelve Imāms (p. 22), Salmān Fārisī (p. 30), Uwais Qaranī (p. 30), Ḥasan Baṣrī (p. 31), Qāsim b. M. b. Abī Bakr (p. 31), the four Imāms (Abū Ḥanīfah, etc., p. 32), Abū Yūsuf (p. 34), M. S̲h̲aibānī (p. 34), s̲h̲aik̲h̲s of the Qādirī (previously Junaidī) order²³ (pp. 35–73, nos. 27–65²⁴) from Maʿrūf Kark̲h̲ī (d. 200/815) to Miyāṅ Mīr (d. 1045/1635), Khwājahs, i.e. Naqshbandīs (previously Ṭaifūrīs) (pp. 73–85, nos. 66–94) from Abū Yazīd Bisṭāmī (d. 261/875) to Ṣāliḥ K̲h̲wājah Dahbīdī (d. 1048/1638 at Balk̲h̲), Chishtīs (pp. 86–102, nos. 95–119) from K̲h̲wājah ʿAbd al-Wāḥid [b.] Zaid (d. 177/793) to S̲h̲. Jalāl T’hānēsarī (d. 989/1582. Cf. no. ²⁵ supra), Kubrawīs (pp. 102–9, nos. 120–39) from Abū Bakr Nassāj to Sulṭān Walad (d. 712/1312), Suhrawardīs (pp. 110–19, nos. 140–59) from Mims̲h̲ād Dīnawarī (d. 299/911–12) to S̲h̲āh-ʿĀlam (d. 880/1475 at Aḥmadābād25), miscellaneous s̲h̲aik̲h̲s (mas̲h̲āyik̲h̲ i mutafarriqah, pp. 119–99, nos. 160–377) from Mālik [b.] Dīnār (d. 137/754–5) to S̲h̲. Bilāwal Lāhaurī (d. 1046/1637), and holy women (pp. 199–216, nos. 378–411), i.e. the wives and daughters of the Prophet and some female saints from Zāʾidah, ʿUmar’s slave-girl, to Bībī Jamāl K̲h̲ātūn, Miyāṅ Mīr’s sister, who was still alive in 1049 at the time of writing:²⁶ Lahore private library of Dīwān Anand Kumār, Reader in Biology in the Panjāb University (an autograph described by M. S̲h̲afīʿ in ocm. x/3 (May 1934) pp. 109–15), Bānkīpūr viii 673 (revised and corrected by the author), 674 (ah 1108/1697), Lindesiana p. 131 no. 164 (ah 1063/1652–3), no. 193 (ad 1701), Rieu i 356b (17th cent.), iii 976b (extracts only. Circ. ad 1850), Blochet i 432 (17th cent.), Ethé 647 (17th cent.), 648 (ah 1120/1709), 649 (ah 1179/1765), Ross and Browne 124 (ah 1151/1738–9), i.o. d.p. 666 (ah 1151/1739), Āṣafīyah i p. 320 no. 24 (4th yr. of Farruk̲h̲-siyar /1127–8/1715–16), no. 101 (ah 1113/1701–2), iii p. 164 no. 118, Ivanow 262 (ah 1137/1724–5 ?), Rehatsek p. 203 no. 54 (ah 1143/1730–1), Lahore Panjab Univ. Lib. (2 copies dated ah 1153/1740 and Samwat 1896), Berlin 17 (1), 576 (3).

List and epitome of the biographies: Ethé coll. 274–315.

¶ Editions: Āgrah 1269/1853*, Lucknow 1872°, Cawnpore 1884†‡, 1318/1900°.

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Sakīnat al-auliyāʾ, an account of the great saint of Lahore, Miyāṅ, or Mīyāṅ²⁷ Mīr²⁸ and some of his disciples, especially Mullā S̲h̲āh,²⁹ completed in 1052/1642–3:³⁰ Bānkīpūr viii 675 (18th cent.), Ivanow Curzon 73 (18th cent.), Rieu i 357 (ah 1276/1859). Urdū translation:³¹ Urdū tarjamah i kitāb i Sakīnat al-auliyāʾ, Lahore [circ. 1920 ?‡].

[Autobiographical statements (relating mainly to meetings with Ṣūfīs and visits to graves) in the Safīnat al-auliyāʾ (collected by M. S̲h̲afīʿ in ocm. x/3 pp. 110–15) and the Sakīnat al-auliyāʾ; other autobiographical statements in the preface ¶ to the Sirr i akbar; Manucci Storia do Mogor, tr. W. Irvine, i pp. 221–7, etc.; the travels of Bernier, Tavernier, etc.; contemporary and later histories of India; Kalimāt al-s̲h̲uʿarāʾ (Sprenger p. 113); Hamīs̲h̲ah bahār (Sprenger p. 128); Ṣuḥuf i Ibrāhīm; Mak̲h̲zan al-g̲h̲arāʾib no. 2083; Tad̲h̲kirah i k̲h̲wus̲h̲-nawīsān p. 54; Riyāḍ al-ʿārifīn pp. 208–9; K̲h̲azīnat ai-aṣfiyāʾ i pp. 174–5; Elliot and Dowson History of India vii pp. 220–32, 236–41, 242–6 (extracts from the Muntak̲h̲ab al-lubāb); Facsimiles of several Autographs of Jahángír, Sháhjahán, and Prince Dárá Shikoh, together with Notes on the Literary Character and the Capture and Death of Dárá Shikoh. -By H. Blochmann (in jasb. xxxix, pt. 1 (1870) pp. 271–9); Beale Oriental biographical dictionary under Dárá Shikoh; Ency. Isl. under Dārā S̲h̲ikōh (H. Beveridge); Dārā Shikoh as an author, by Pandit Sheo Narain (in Journal of the Panjab Historical Society, ii (1913–14) pp. 21–38); Court painters of the Grand Moguls, by L. Binyon and T. W. Arnold, London 1921, pp. 25–29 and plates xx–xxii; Un essai de bloc islamo-hindou au xvii^e siècle: l’humanisme mystique du prince Dârâ, by L. Massignon and A. M. Kassim (in Revue du monde musulman lxiii (1926) pp. 1–14); L’Inde mystique au moyen âge, by Yūsuf Ḥusain, Paris 1929, last chapter; Dara Shukoh. Vol i. Biography. [By] Kalika-Ranjan Qanungo, Calcutta [1935]. For portraits of Dārā-S̲h̲ukōh see Indische historische Porträts by H. Goetz (in Asia Major ii (1925)) p. 238; Court painters of the Grand Moguls by Binyon and Arnold, plates xx-xxii; Rieu ii 780b, 781b, 785b; Ethé 1980 (?); etc.]

§ 1322. Jahān-ārā Bēgam, sometimes called simply Begam Ṣāḥib³² or Bēgam Ṣāḥibah³³ by contemporary historians, was the second child of S̲h̲āh-Jahān and Mumtāz-Maḥall. She was born on 21 Ṣafar 1023/23 March 1614, almost exactly a year before her eldest brother, Dārā-S̲h̲ukōh (for whom see no. 1321 supra). Devoted to her father, whom she attended in his captivity, and also to Dārā-S̲h̲ukōh, she shared the latter’s interest in Ṣūfism, and was initiated into the Qādirī order by his pīr, Mullā S̲h̲āh,³⁴ early in 1050/1650, when she and her father were on a visit to Kas̲h̲mīr (ocm. xiii/4 (Aug. 1937) pp. 14–15). “S̲h̲āh’s” opinion of her (“She has attained to so extraordinary a development of mystical knowledge that she is worthy of being my representative”) and her description of one of her own mystical experiences are quoted (from the Nusk̲h̲ah i aḥwāl i S̲h̲āhī) by Macdonald in The religious attitude and life in Islam, p. 205,³⁵ ¶ and thence by Qanungo in Dara Shukoh, i pp. 351–2. In spite of her Qādirī connections she had a fondness for the C̲h̲is̲h̲tī order:³⁶ in the preface to the Muʾnis al-arwāḥ she calls herself a votary (murīdah) of Muʿīn al-Dīn C̲h̲is̲h̲tī and on her tomb she is described as a disciple of the saints of C̲h̲is̲h̲t. She died unmarried in Ramaḍān 1092/1681 and was buried at Delhi in a tomb built by herself,³⁷ and still standing, to the south of the tomb of Niẓām al-Dīn Auliyā (for whom see no. 1259 4th footnote supra). “The events of Jahánárá’s life, such as they are, have suffered on the one hand from sentiment which adorns her ʿwith every virtue that a woman possesses’; and on the other by the court-tattle of Bernier which I need not repeat here.”³⁸

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Muʾnis al-arwāḥ, a biography of Muʿīn al-Dīn C̲h̲is̲h̲tī.³⁹ with notices of some of his disciples, completed in 1049/1640: Brit. Mus. (a ms. presented by W. Irvine, who believed it to be an autograph),⁴⁰ Rieu i 357b (17th cent.), 357a (18th cent.), Āṣafīyah i p. 492 no. 770 (ah 1198/1783–4), no. 237 (ah 1320/1902–3), Ivanow Curzon 74 (18th cent.), Bodleian 372, Eton 38, Lahore Panjāb Univ. (see ocm. iii/1 (Nov. 1926) p. 73).

Urdu translation:⁴¹ Lahore [1908*].

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Ṣāḥibīyah, an account of Mullā S̲h̲āh (see no. 1332 3rd par., footnote infra) written (completed ?) on 27 Ramaḍān 1051/30 December 1641: Aḥmadābād Āpā-Rāō Bhōlā-Nāt’h Library (19 foll.).

Description and Urdu summary: Jahān-ārā Bēgam kī ēk g̲h̲air-maʿrūf taṣnīf: Ṣāḥibīyah, by M. Ibrāhīm (in ocm. xiii/4 (Aug. 1937) pp. 3–19).

[Autobiographical statements (relating almost entirely to the years 1049–50 and especially to her connexions with Mullā S̲h̲āh) at the end of the Ṣāḥibīyah; Pāds̲h̲āh-nāmah i, 1, p. 94 and elsewhere; ʿAmal i Ṣāliḥ i p. 80 and elsewhere; Maʾāt̲h̲ir i ʿĀlamgīrī p. 213; N. Manucci Storia do Mogor, tr. W. Irvine, vol. i, London 1907, p. 217 (see also index); Carr Stephen The archaeology and monumental remains of Delhi, Ludhiana and Calcutta [1876] pp. 108–9; Rieu i ¶ 357; Beale Oriental biographical dictionary, 2nd ed., under Jahan Ara Begam; Jahān-ārā (in Urdu), by Maḥbūb al-Raḥmān “Kalīm”, ʿAlīgaṛh 1907* and 2nd ed. [1918*]; Persian letters from Jahān Arā, daughter of Shāh Jahān, … to Raja Budh Parkash of Sirmur, by H. A. Rose (in jasb. 1911 pp. 449–78); Ency. Isl. under D̲j̲ahānārā Bēgam (H. Beveridge); Jahānārā, by G. Yazdani (in Journal of the Panjab Historical Society ii/2 (Calcutta 1914) pp. 152–69, where many references are given); K. R. Qanungo Dara Shukoh, vol. i, biography, Calcutta [1935], p. 10 and elsewhere; the afore-mentioned article by M. Ibrāhīm].

§ 1323. S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Badr al-Dīn b. Ibrāhīm Sirhindī became a disciple of the great saint Aḥmad Sirhindī (for whom see no. 1316 (1), 1st footnote supra) in 1018/1609–10, remained in close association with him for seventeen years, and was present when he was washed after death. Among works of his own that he mentions are (1) Wiṣāl i Aḥmadī, on some miracles which occurred just before and after the saint’s death, (2) Karāmāt al-auliyāʾ, in support of the belief that saints can perform miracles after death, (3) Majmaʿ al-auliyāʾ,⁴² biographies of 1,500 saints completed in 1044/1634–5, (4) a Persian translation of the Futūḥ al-g̲h̲aib of ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī, (5) Maqāmāt i G̲h̲aut̲h̲ al-t̲h̲aqalain, a Persian translation of the Bahjat al-asrār, a life of ʿAbd al-Qādir by ʿAlī b. Yūsuf al-S̲h̲aṭṭanūfī (see no. 1251 supra), (6) a Persian translation of another life of ʿAbd al-Qādir entitled Rauḍat al-nawāẓir, i.e. presumably the Rauḍat al-nāẓir, which Ḥ. K̲h̲. ascribes to al-Fīrūzābādī (see Ahlwardt 10080–1, Brockelmann ii, p. 119, l. 2), (7) an unfinished Persian translation of the ʿArāʾis al-bayān fī ḥaqāʾiq al-Qurʾān, a Ṣūfī tafsīr by Rūzbihān al-Baqlī (for which see Brockelmann i 414, Sptbd. i 735; Catalogue of the Arabic mss. in the Library of the India Office, vol. ii, no. 1106). The last three were undertaken at the request of Sulṭān M. Dārā-S̲h̲ukōh.

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Sanawāt al-atqiyāʾ, very brief biographies of distinguished persons, with special reference to the dates of their death, from the time of Adam to 1044/1634–5: i.o. d.p. 672 (ah 1085/1674).

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Ḥaḍarāt al-quds, biographies of Naqs̲h̲bandī saints in two daftars, of which the first in one ḥaḍrat begins with Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq and ends with M. Bāqī (for whom see no. 1316 (1) footnote supra) and the second deals in Ḥaḍarāt ii-xii with Aḥmad Sirhindī, his life, sayings, miracles, children and disciples, completed not earlier than 1053/1643, since Ādam Banūrī’s death, which occurred in that year (cf. no. 1320 2nd par. 3rd footnote supra), is mentioned: i.o. d.p. 630 (Daftar ii only. 17th cent.), Tashkent Univ. 70 (Daftar ii. ah 1248/1832), 70-a (Daftar ii apparently. ah 1257/1841).

Urdu translation: by K̲h̲wājah Aḥmad Ḥusain K̲h̲ān, Lahore 1923*].

¶ § 1324. Probably soon after 1054/1644–5, the latest date mentioned in the work, an anonymous disciple wrote-

Fātiḥ al-qulūb, an account (32 foll.) of the life and miracles of the saint, calligrapher and poet Mīr ʿAbd Allāh “Waṣfī” b. Mīr Muẓaffar Ḥusainī Tirmid̲h̲ī, who received from Akbar or Jahāngīr the title of Mus̲h̲kīn-qalam and who died in 1025/1616 or 1035/1626:⁴³ Ethé 650.

§ 1325. Ilāh-diyah,⁴⁴ or Allāh-diyah, b. S̲h̲. ʿAbd al-Raḥīm b. S̲h̲. Bīnā Ḥakīm C̲h̲is̲h̲tī ʿUt̲h̲mānī, a descendant of S̲h̲. Jalāl al-Dīn Pānīpatī,⁴⁵ was a disciple of S̲h̲āh Aʿlā Pānīpatī⁴⁶ and lived at Kairānah,⁴⁷ near Pānīpat. His grandfather, S̲h̲. Bīnā, or Bhīnā,⁴⁸ was a noted surgeon of Akbar’s time, and his paternal uncle, Muqarrab K̲h̲ān,⁴⁹ Jahāngīr’s surgeon and friend (cf. no. 246 supra), was Governor of Gujrāt, Bihār and Āgrah in Jahāngīr’s reign and on his retirement in S̲h̲āh-Jahān’s reign was given the parganah of Kairānah, his birthplace, as a jāgīr. Ilāh-diyah and his two brothers, S̲h̲. Qāsim and S̲h̲. Fuḍail, took part in S̲h̲āh-Jahān’s march towards Kābul.

Siyar al-aqṭāb, begun in 1036/1626–7 completed in 1056/1646–7 and devoted to the lives of twenty-seven persons from ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib to S̲h̲āh Aʿlā Pānīpatī, who form the author’s spiritual pedigree and each of whom, according to the C̲h̲is̲h̲tīs, became Quṭb al-aqṭāb: Rieu i 358b (17th cent.), i.o. d.p. 669 (ah 1019/1610 [!], perhaps a mistake for 1119/1707), ʿAlīgaṛh Subḥ. mss. p. 60 no. 15 (ad 1867).

Editions: Lucknow 1877°*, 1881†, 1889†.

List of the saints: Rieu i p. 359.

¶ § 1326. Abū ’l-ʿAbbās M. Ṭālib.

Maṭlab al-ṭālibīn, a history of the Jūybārī s̲h̲aik̲h̲s written about 1056/1646: Tashkent A. A. Semenov’s private library (ah 1235/1819–20. See Semenov Kurzer Abriss p. 6).

§ 1327. In 1060/1650 was written—

Ḥikāyat⁵⁰ al-ṣāliḥīn, anecdotes of famous saints, stated to be a translation from the Arabic: Browne Suppt. 407 (ah 1217/1802–3. Corpus 228⁶), Blochet iv 2134 (ah 1228/1813).

§ 1328. Mīr Muḥammad Fāḍil, called (al-madʿū bi-) Maẓhar al-Ḥaqq, b. S. Aḥmad b. S. Ḥasan al-Ḥusainī al-Tirmid̲h̲ī al-Akbarābādī died in Rabīʿ ii ah 1106/Nov.-Dec. 1694 (according to the chronograms given by his nephew at the end of the Muk̲h̲bir al-wāṣilīn). One of the opening sections of the Muk̲h̲bir al-wāṣilīn is in praise of S̲h̲āh-Jahān, who was on the throne when he began the work.

Muk̲h̲bir al-wāṣilīn (a chronogram = 1060/1650, the date of inception), a series of chronogrammatic poems containing the dates of the death of the Prophet, the first four Caliphs, the Twelve Imāms, numerous saints and a few other persons from the first century of Islām to ah 1105/1693–4 (often with the place of burial but usually little else except laudatory phrases): Āṣafīyah i p. 252 no. 756 (ah 1140/1727–8), no. 405, Ivanow 759 (ah 1151/1738–9), Ivanow Curzon 268 (19th cent.), ʿAlīgaṛh Subḥ. mss. p. 16 no. 83, Rieu iii 1035b (extracts only. Circ. ad 1850).

Editions: Calcutta 1249/1833–4*, Lucknow (Muṣṭafāʾī Press) 1265/1849 (see Sprenger p. 489).

§ 1329. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAbd al-Rasūl b. Qāsim b. S̲h̲āh Bud’h ʿAbbāsī ʿAlawī C̲h̲is̲h̲tī was a descendant of the saint Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Rudaulawī,⁵¹ and succeeded in 1032/1622, on his brother’s death, to the headship of a local branch of the C̲h̲is̲h̲tī order at Rudaulī.⁵² According to the Mirʾāt al-ʿālam, the author of which was a personal acquaintance, he lived at D’hanītī,⁵³ a village in the sarkār of Lucknow, and died there in 1094/1683 (see Rieu iii p. 973a). Among his works were (1) Mirʾāt al-mak̲h̲lūqāt, a translation and Islamising explanation, written in 1041/1631–2, of a Sanskrit verse treatise on Hindu cosmogony ¶ in the form of a dialogue between Mahādēv and Pārbatī handed down by the Munī Bās̲h̲is̲h̲t (Vāsishṭ’ha) (mss.: Rieu iii 1034a, Āṣafīyah ii p. 1386, Bodleian 1823), (2) Mirʾāt al-ḥaqāʾiq, an abridged translation and Islamising explanation of the Bhagavad-gītā (mss.: Rieu iii 1034b, Bombay Univ. p. 134, Āṣafīyah ii p. 1356), (3) Nafas i Raḥmānī (Edition: place ? 1307/1889–90. See Āṣafīyah i p. 494), (4) Aurād i C̲h̲is̲h̲tīyah (ms.: Āṣafīyah iii p. 24),

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Mirʾāt al-asrār, biographies of numerous saints from the early days of Islām to Ḥusām al-Dīn Mānikpūrī (d. 853/1449), begun in 1045/1635–6, completed in 1065/1654 and divided into a preface (on Ṣūfism, the degrees of spiritual knowledge, the origin and contents of the work), a muqaddimah (on the k̲h̲irqah i k̲h̲ilāfat, the four Pīrs, Ḥasan, Ḥusain, Kumail, Ḥasan Baṣrī, the fourteen k̲h̲ānawādahs, and twelve of the forty derivative orders or silsilahs) and twenty-three ṭabaqāt devoted to successive generations of s̲h̲aik̲h̲s: Ivanow 264 (ah 1088/1677–8), Lindesiana p. 118 no. 196 (circ. ad 1750), Rieu i 359b (ah 1189/1775), iii 973b (extracts only. Circ. ad 1850), Bānkīpūr viii 676 (ah 1220/1806), Suppt. ii 2074 (Muqaddimah only. 19th cent.), Būhār 89 (probably transcribed from Bānkīpūr viii 676. B.S. 1301/1894), Āṣafīyah iii p. 166 no. 167 (ah 1309/1891–2).

List and epitome of the biographies: Bānkīpūr viii pp. 55–63.

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Mirʾāt i Madārī, a life of the saint of Makanpūr,⁵⁴ Badīʿ al-Dīn surnamed Quṭb al-Madār and commonly called S̲h̲āh Madār,⁵⁵ written in 1064/1654 at Makanpūr and based mainly on the Īmān i Maḥmūdī, a biography by the saint’s k̲h̲alīfah, Qāḍī Maḥmūd Kintūrī,⁵⁶ and the Laṭāʾif i As̲h̲rafī (see Rieu iii 1042a, Ivanow 1214, etc.), whose author was a friend ¶ of S̲h̲āh Madār’s: Ivanow 263 (ah 1146/1733–4), Rieu i 361a (18th cent.), iii 973a (19th cent.), Bānkīpūr viii 677 (18th cent.), i.o. d.p. 657(c), Būhār 88 (transcribed from the Bānkīpūr ms. in 1304/1886).

Urdū translation: T̲h̲awāqib al-anwār li-maṭāliʿ Quṭb al-Madār, by M. ʿAbd al-Ras̲h̲īd Ẓuhūr al-Islām, Farruk̲h̲ābād 1328/1910*.

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Mirʾāt i Masʿūdī, a life of the legendary hero and martyr Sulṭān al-S̲h̲uhadāʾ Sālār Masʿūd G̲h̲āzī,⁵⁷ said to be based on a contemporary history by Mullā M. G̲h̲aznawī, a servant of Sulṭān Maḥmūd: Ivanow Curzon 103 (ah 1233/1818), Rieu iii 1029a (circ.ad 1850), ʿAlīgaṛh Subḥ. mss. p. 59 no. 6.

Abridged English translation by B. W. Chapman: b.m. ms. Add. 30776.

Extracts from Chapman’s translation: Elliot and Dowson History of India ii pp. 513–49.

Abridged Urdu translation: Kh̲ulāṣah i tawārīkh i Masʿūdī, by Akbar ʿAlī b. M.-Bak̲h̲s̲h̲, [Lucknow ?] 1288/1871°.

Abridgment by the author himself: Qiṣṣah i Sālār Masʿūd i Gh̲āzī: Rieu iii 1042b (circ. ad 1850).

[Autobiographical statements in Mirʾāt al-asrār (summarized by Rieu and ʿAbd al-Muqtadir) and Mirʾāt i Madārī; Sawāṭiʿ al-anwār no. 29 (Ethé col. 336²²).]

§ 1330. ʿAlāʾ al-Din M. C̲h̲is̲h̲tī Barnāwī.⁵⁸

C̲h̲is̲h̲tīyah i bihis̲h̲tīyah, or Firdausīyah i qudsīyah,⁵⁹ a large work on the saints of the C̲h̲is̲h̲tī order completed perhaps in 1066/1655–6, the date of Prof. Maḥmūd S̲h̲ērānī’s ms. (such dates as 1069/1658–9, 1071/1660–1 and 1076/1665–6, which occur in Ivanow-Curzon 78, being presumably later insertions), and divided into a muqaddimah, twenty-eight d̲h̲ikrs (of which the first twenty-one are short notices of the early saints, etc., from ¶ the Prophet to Naṣīr al-Dīn C̲h̲irāg̲h̲ i Dihlī (cf. no. 1259 1st par. last footnote supra), while the twenty-second to the twenty-eighth are much longer notices of the local saints of Barnāwah and Rāprī,⁶⁰ namely Badr al-Dīn b. S̲h̲araf al-Dīn Anṣārī (d. 788/1386), Naṣīr al-Dīn i Buzurg (d. 855/1452), ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn i Buzurg (d. 875/1471), Pīr Būd’han (d. 29 S̲h̲aʿbān in an unspecified year), Badr al-Dīn i T̲h̲ānī (d. 949/1543), Farīd al-Dīn b. Bāyazīd b. Pīr Būd’han (d. 987/1579), Bahāʾ al-Dīn b. ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn,⁶¹ grandson of the preceding (d. 1038/1628), whose biography occupies more than half the work), a k̲h̲ātimah (additional information concerning descendants of the foregoing s̲h̲aik̲h̲s), and a waṣl al-k̲h̲ātimah, (eulogies of the C̲h̲is̲h̲tī order): Lahore Prof. Maḥmūd S̲h̲ērānī’s private library (ah 1066/1655–6, possibly autograph), Ivanow Curzon 78 (ah 1209/1795), Āṣafīyah i p. 412 no. 562 (ah 1258/1842).

§ 1331. Niẓām al-Dīn Aḥmad b. M. Ṣāliḥ Ṣiddīqī Ḥusainī lived in the time of S̲h̲āh-Jahān and composed in 1060/1650 a work on poetical figures entitled Majmaʿ al-ṣanāʾiʿ.⁶²

Karāmāt al-auliyāʾ, on the miracles of saints in all periods of the history of Islam, completed in 1068/1658: Ivanow 265 (18th cent.), Rieu iii 974a (circ. 1850).

§ 1332. Tawakkul Bēg Kūlālī⁶³ was a son of the Qūs̲h̲-bēgī to Iʿtiqād K̲h̲ān, Governor of Kas̲h̲mīr. At the age of sixteen⁶⁴ he became a disciple of the Qādirī saint, Mullā S̲h̲āh Badak̲h̲s̲h̲ī,⁶⁵ who was then resident in Kas̲h̲mīr, and he kept in touch with him, visiting him at intervals, until 1071/1660–1, when he ¶ saw his master for the last time. For a period anterior to 1053/1643–4 he was in the service of S̲h̲āh-S̲h̲ujāʿ, Governor of Bengal. In 1054/1644 he went with a letter of introduction from Mullā S̲h̲āh to Dārā-S̲h̲ukōh (see no. 1321 supra), who gave him the rank of dū-ṣadī and subsequently on several occasions sent him with messages to Mullā S̲h̲āh. After Aurangzēb’s accession in 1069/1659 he obtained a post in the government service at Kāngrah.

It seems likely that he is identical with Tawakkul Bēg b. Tūlak Beg,⁶⁶ who in S̲h̲āh-Jahān’s 26th regnal year, a.h. 1063/1653, was sent by Dārā-S̲h̲ukōh, at that time Ṣūbah-dār of Kābul, to G̲h̲aznīn as Amīn and Waqāʾiʿ-nawīs and who at the request of S̲h̲ams̲h̲ēr K̲h̲ān Tarīn, the T’hānah-dār of G̲h̲aznīn, wrote the Shams̲h̲ēr-K̲h̲anī, an abridgment of Firdausī’s Shāh-nāmah (see Rieu ii 539–40, Ethé 883–90, etc.).

Nusk̲h̲ah i aḥwāl i S̲h̲āhī (a chronogram = 1077/1666–7), an account of Mullā S̲h̲āh⁶⁷ and his teachings: Rieu Suppt. 130 (early 19th cent.), Āṣafīyah iii p. 56 no. 349.

French summary: Mollâ-Shâh et le spiritualisme oriental, par M. A. de Kremer (in Journal Asiatique, vi^e série, tome xiii (1869), pp. 105–59).

[Autobiographical statements in the Nusk̲h̲ah i aḥwāl i Shāhī (see Rieu and Journal asiatique, loc. cit.)]

§ 1333. ʿAbd Allāh⁶⁸ K̲h̲wēs̲h̲gī⁶⁹ Qaṣūrī,⁷⁰ i.e. G̲h̲ulām-Muʿīn al-Dīn ʿAbd Allāh known as al-K̲h̲alīfah al-K̲h̲wēs̲h̲gī al-C̲h̲is̲h̲tī (Ross-Browne 56), or ¶ “ ʿAbdallâh, known as ʿUbaid-allâh, with the epithet Khalîfah Ḥayy [read K̲h̲alīfah-jī]⁷¹ bin ʿAbd-alḥaḳḳ (known as ʿAbd-alḳâdir al-khwîshî [sic ?] alćishtî)” (Ethé 1271), or “ʿAbdu’l-lah Khalīfa-jī b. ʿAbdi’l-Ḥaqq, known as ʿAbdu’l-Qādir Khwīshagī” (Ivanow 273), or “ʿAbdu’l-lah Khwīshagī Chis̲h̲tī, surnamed Khalīfah, of Qaṣūr” (Ivanow 1294), or ʿUbaid Allāh known as (al-maʿrūf bah) ʿAbd Allāh al-K̲h̲wēs̲h̲gī al-C̲h̲is̲h̲tī, who used the tak̲h̲alluṣ “ʿUbaidī” (ocm. iii/4 p. 21), was born at Qaṣūr (Ross-Browne 56) and it was there that in S̲h̲āh-Jahān’s reign after finishing his studies (taḥṣīl i ʿulūm sē farāg̲h̲at pā-kar, ocm. iii/4 p. 23¹) he completed the first volume of his first commentary on Ḥāfiẓ, the Baḥr al-firāsah, which he had begun while still a student. The second and final volume was completed long afterwards at Bījāpūr (ocm. iii/4 p. 23³). From the preface to his second commentary, the K̲h̲ulāṣat al-baḥr, also a production of his early life, it appears that “he was for a time attached to the Shaikh Maulânâ ʿAbd-alrashîd (known as Muḥammad Rashîd) Yuwânjî and afterwards in the service of⁷² Shaikh Pîr Muḥammad of Lakhnau” (Ethé 1271). In 1077/1666–7 he was at Aurangābād, where he had gone in the service of Dilēr K̲h̲ān,⁷³ and it was there that he wrote the Ak̲h̲bār al-auliyāʾ (Islamic culture iii/3 p. 453). In 1133/1720–1, Muḥammad S̲h̲ah’s second regnal year, he was again at Qaṣūr, evidently towards the end of a long life, and there he wrote his Asrār i Mat̲h̲nawī at the instigation of two K̲h̲wēs̲h̲gī chiefs, Ḥasan [Ḥusain ?] K̲h̲ān and Saʿīd K̲h̲ān (Ross-Browne 56). In the preface to his Asrār i Mat̲h̲nawī u anwār i maʿnawī, a commentary on the first daftar of Rūmī’s Mat̲h̲nawī completed in 1133/1720–1 (mss.: Ross-Browne 56 (ah 1133/1721, perhaps autograph), Sprenger 373 (Mōtī Maḥall)) he gives a list of his earlier works, which is quoted verbatim by Sprenger. These are firstly three commentaries on the dīwān of Ḥāfiẓ, (1) Baḥr al-firāsah[in the preface of which S̲h̲āh-Jahān (ah 1037–68/1628–58) is praised. mss.: Kapūrt’halah 123 (see ocm. iii/4 p. 21), Peshawar 1028], (2) K̲h̲ulāṣat al-baḥr fī ’ltiqāṭ al-durar, a larger commentary ¶ (mss.: Āṣafīyah (transcribed by Dārā-S̲h̲ukōh, “who was a disciple of Sayyid Ādam Rasūl⁷⁴ of Māwarāʾ al-Nahr as would appear from the colophon.” See Nad̲h̲īr Aḥmad 129), Ethé 1271), (3) Jāmiʿ al-baḥrain (no mss. recorded), then (4)Rāḥat al-as̲h̲bāḥ, a commentary on the Nuzhat al-arwāḥ [of Ḥusain b. ʿĀlim al-Ḥusainī] (no mss. recorded), (5) Mak̲h̲zan al-ḥaqāʾiq, a commentary on the Kanz al-daqāʾiq, (6) S̲h̲arḥ i ḤRF [sic ?] ʿāliyāt, and (7) Maʿārij al-wilāyat “kih dar bayān i mas̲h̲āyik̲h̲ i Hindūstān-ast.” In this list he mentions neither the Ak̲h̲bār al-auliyāʾ nor the two Ṣūfī works Taḥqīq al-muḥaqqiqīn fī tadqīq al-mudaqqiqīn (Ivanow 1294 (1)) and Fawāʾid al-ʿās̲h̲iqīn (Ivanow 1294 (2)).

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Ak̲h̲bār al-auliyāʾ min lisān al-aṣfiyāʾ, an account of K̲h̲wēs̲h̲gī and other saints written in 1077/1666–7 at Aurangābād and divided into six bābs ((1) dar bayān i aḥwāl i K̲h̲wēs̲h̲giyān, (2) dar bayān i mas̲h̲āyik̲h̲ i sāʾir i Afg̲h̲ānān, (3) dar bayān i aḥwāl i nisāʾ i ʿārifāt, (4) dar nasab i Afg̲h̲ānān u sabab i āmadan az Bait al-Maqdis ba-Kūhistān, (5) dar aḥwāl i mas̲h̲āyik̲h̲ i Qaṣūr u nawāḥī i ān, (6) dar aḥwāl i īn aḥqar i ʿibād Allāh (ʿAbd Allāh K̲h̲wēs̲h̲gī C̲h̲is̲h̲tī): Ivanow 273 (a.h. 1294/1877, transcribed at Qaṣūr for H. Blochmann).

This work is one of the sources of M. S̲h̲afīʿ’s article An Afghan colony at Qasur I. in Islamic culture iii/3 (July 1929) pp. 452–73.

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Maʿārij al-wilāyat (dar bayān i mas̲h̲āyik̲h̲ i Hindūstān), mentioned by the author in the above-mentioned list of his own works and often quoted in the K̲h̲azīnat al-aṣfiyāʾ but not yet recorded in any published catalogue.

[Autobiography (without exact dates according to Ivanow p. 620) in Bāb 6 of the Ak̲h̲bār al-auliyāʾ (a biography based on this chapter was to be included in Part ii of M. S̲h̲afīʿ’s article mentioned above, but no such second part seems to be traceable in Islamic culture from 1929 to 1937).

§ 1334. Ḥāfiẓ M. Saʿīd b. Ḥāfiẓ [sic ?] began the Rāḥat al-arwāḥ in Rajab 1084/October 1673 and completed it in 1085/1674–5.

Rāḥat al-arwāḥ, a biography of S̲h̲. ʿAzīz Allāh, who was born at Lahore on 3 Jumādā ii 1047/23 Oct. 1637 and died on 20 S̲h̲awwāl 1084/28 Jan. 1674: Ethé 651 (ah 1108/1696).

¶ § 1335. S. Zindah ʿAlī al-Muftī wrote towards the end of the eleventh/seventeenth century.

T̲h̲amarāt al-mas̲h̲āyik̲h̲, on Central Asian s̲h̲aik̲h̲s of various orders: Buk̲h̲ārā Central Library (ah 1277/1860–1. See Semenov Kurzer Abriss p. 7).

§ 1336. For S̲h̲. Ḥusain b. S̲h̲. Abdāl Zāhidī’s Silsilat al-nasab i Ṣafawīyah, which was dedicated to S̲h̲āh Sulaimān (reigned 1077–1105/1667–94) and which deals mainly with Ṣafī al-Dīn Isḥāq (cf. no. 1257 1st par. supra) and mystics descended from him, see no. 396 supra.

§ 1337. For M. Baqā “Baqā” Sahāranpūrī (b. 1037/1627–8, d. 1094/1683) and Bak̲h̲tāwar K̲h̲ān (d. 1096/1685) see no. 151 supra. Another of the works written by the former but by a “courteous fiction” ascribed to the latter is the Riyāḍ, al-auliyāʾ.

Riyāḍ al-auliyāʾ (a chronogram = 1090/1679–80, the date of completion), lives of saints, etc., in four c̲h̲amans ((1) the first four Caliphs, (2) the Imāms, (3) saints, (4) Indian saints): Rieu iii 975a (ad 1851), Āṣafīyah i p. 320 no. 115, Browne Suppt. 728 (Corpus 126).

§ 1338. In the only recorded copy of the Ad̲h̲kār al-aḥrār all of the preface except the last 6½ lines is missing and the name of the author does not appear. He was, however, a disciple of Mīr Abū ’l-ʿUlā Naqs̲h̲bandī Akbarābādī, and he completed his biography in Safar 1093/1682.

Ad̲h̲kār al-aḥrār, an account of the saint Amīr Abū ’l-ʿUlā ibn Amīr Abī-Wafāʾ ibn Amīr ʿAbd al-Salām, or as he is called in the K̲h̲azīnat al-aṣfiyāʾ (i p. 636) Mīr Abū ’l-ʿUlā Naqs̲h̲bandī Akbarābādī, who was born in 990/1582 at Nārēlah near Delhi and who died on 9 Ṣafar 1061/1651 and was buried at Akbarābād (i.e. Āgrah): i.o. d.p. 576a (defective at beginning. 11th year of M. S̲h̲āh = ah 1142/1730).

§ 1339. M. Ṣādiq S̲h̲ihābī Saʿdī Qādirī wrote the Manāqib i G̲h̲aut̲h̲īyah at the request of his murs̲h̲id, S. ʿAbd al-Qādir b. S. ʿAbd al-Jalīl al-Ḥasanī al-Ḥusainī G̲h̲arīb Allāh, who was a descendant and k̲h̲alīfah of ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī at Aḥmadābād. The work cannot have been written earlier than the 17th century, since the Takmīl al-īmān of ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Dihlawī, who died in 1052/1642 (cf. no. 243 supra), is mentioned in the preface, nor later than 1160/1747, the date of Ivanow-Curzon 76.

¶ Manāqib i G̲h̲aut̲h̲īyah, an account of ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī, called al-G̲h̲aut̲h̲ al-aʿẓam (for whom see no. 1251 2nd par. footnote supra), divided into a muqaddimah and fifty or more⁷⁵ manqabahs and dealing with manāqib not contained in such well-known works as the Bahjat al-asrār (see no. 1251 supra) and the Takmilah of al-Yāfiʿī (see no. 1254 ii supra): Ivanow Curzon (ah 1160/1747), Ivanow 268–70 (all 18th cent.), Āṣafīyah i p. 490 nos. 813 (ah 1179/1765–6), 428 (ah 1260/1844–5), ii p. 1556 no. 52, p. 1558 no. 43, i.o. d.p. 751B (a) (ah 1211/1797), 751A (ah 1248/1832), Ethé 1799, Bānkīpūr xvii 1589 (ah 1253/1837–8), Būhār 181 (19th cent.), Lahore Panjāb Univ. (see ocm. iii/1 p. 69), Peshawar 1014.

Edition: Bombay 1886†.

Urdu translation: M. i G̲h̲., Lucknow 1907* (2nd ed.).

§ 1340. In 1109/1697–8 an anonymous author wrote-

K̲h̲awāriq al-sālikīn (a chronogram), some anecdotes of early Ṣūfīs of Kas̲h̲mīr, etc.: Ivanow Curzon 79 (4) (foll. 106–15. Mid 19th cent.).

§ 1341. M. Būlāq b. S̲h̲. Abū M. K̲h̲ālidī Dihlawī b. S̲h̲. ʿAlī Akbar was a descendant of the great saint Niẓām al-Dīn Auliyā (for whom see no. 1259 1st par. 4th footnote supra).

Maṭlūb al-ṭālibīn, a detailed biography of Niẓām al-Dīn Auliyā with short accounts of his relations, disciples and spiritual descendants and of the other C̲h̲is̲h̲tī pīrs and the different branches of the C̲h̲is̲h̲tī order, divided into seventeen maṭlabs and completed in 1111/1699–1700: Ethé 653 (ah 1137/1724–5).

Urdu translation: S̲h̲awāhid i Niẓāmī (a chronogram = 1317/1899–1900), by M. Dāmin ʿAlī, Delhi 1900°.

List of the saints: Ethé coll. 318–26.

Probably identical with the above-mentioned M. Būlāq is M. Bulāq⁷⁶ (spelt without wāw), who wrote the Rauḍah i aqṭāb).

Rauḍah i aqṭāb (a chronogram = 1124/1712), biographies of Quṭb al-Dīn Bak̲h̲tyār Us̲h̲ī Kākī (for whom see no. 1259 2nd par. 4th footnote supra) and some saints buried near him: Rieu iii 974a (extracts only. Circ. ad 1850).

¶ Editions: Delhi 1304/1887°, Lahore 1890†.

Urdu translation: Rauḍah i aqṭāb, Delhi 1892*.

§ 1342. S̲h̲. Manṣūr b. S̲h̲āh C̲h̲ānd Muḥammad b. S̲h̲āh M. Mīr b. S̲h̲āh Ḥāmid b. S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-Qawī b. S̲h̲āh C̲h̲ānd M. b. S̲h̲āh Ḥamīd al-Dīn known as S̲h̲aik̲h̲ C̲h̲ā’ildah was forty years old in 1119/1707–8, when he wrote the Tuḥfat al-qāriʾ.

Tuḥfat al-qāriʾ, biographies of saints in three parts ((1) Ḥaḍrat i ʿAbbās, (2) S̲h̲āh ʿAlī Sarmast and how he settled in Gujrāt, (3) S̲h̲āh C̲h̲ā’ildah (d. 7 Ṣafar 911/1515) and Qāḍī Maḥmūd Maḥbūb Allāh (d. 941/1534–5) and his sons) and two appendices ((1) S̲h̲aik̲h̲ al-Islām S̲h̲āh Lār Muḥammad, (2) S̲h̲āh Jamāl Muḥammad (d. 985/1577–8)): Bombay Fyzee 16 (ah 1261/1845).

§ 1343. S. Aḥmad b. S. Ḥusain Akbarābādī.

Maqāmāt i ḥaḍrat i S̲h̲āh Naqs̲h̲bandi, written in 1119/1707–8: Brelvi and Dhabhar p. xliii no. 7 (defective at beginning).

§ 1344. At the beginning of his notice of S̲h̲. Saʿdī Lāhaurī the author of the K̲h̲azīnat al-aṣfiyāʾ mentions a certain S̲h̲. M. ʿUmar Pas̲h̲āwarī who was a disciple and friend of S̲h̲. Saʿdī and who wrote under the title Jawāhir al-asrār a biography of his master extending from his birth to the date of his death. Probably this S̲h̲. M. ʿUmar Pas̲h̲āwarī is identical with M. ʿUmar b. Ibrāhīm al-Nīs̲h̲āpūrī [sic ?], who wrote the Ẓawāhir al-sarāʾir. Doubtless the work was written in the first half of the eighteenth century.

Ẓawāhir al-sarāsir [sic, for al-sarāʾir presumably], on the lives and teachings of Saʿdī Lāhaurī,⁷⁷ ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Sulamī Nīs̲h̲āpūrī, and S. Ādam Banūrī:⁷⁸ Nad̲h̲īr Aḥmad 40 (S̲h̲āh M. Muḥaddit̲h̲’s library, Rāmpūr).

§ 1345. For Kāmwar K̲h̲ān’s Haft guls̲h̲an i Muḥammad-S̲h̲āhī, a history of India which extends to 1132/1719–20 and of which the seventh guls̲h̲an is devoted to Indian saints, see no. 625 supra.

¶ § 1346. S̲h̲. Abū ’l-Faiyāḍ Qamar al-Ḥaqq⁷⁹ G̲h̲ulām-Ras̲h̲īd, born on 8 Rabīʿ al-Awwal 1096/12 Feb. 1685, was the son [?⁸⁰], disciple and successor (sajjādah-nis̲h̲īn) of S̲h̲. Badr al-Ḥaqq M. Ars̲h̲ad b. M. Ras̲h̲īd ʿUt̲h̲mānī Jaunpūrī. In 1147/1734–5 his discourses were attended by G̲h̲ulām-S̲h̲araf al-Dīn b. Imām al-Dīn, who has given an account of his life and teachings in the Ganj i Faiyāḍī (see no. 1354 infra). He died at Jaunpūr on 5 Ṣafar 1167/2 Dec. 1753. Among his works were an Arabic commentary on [his father’s [?] Arabic grammar] the Hidāyat al-naḥw⁸¹ and a Persian commentary on the Qaṣīdah i G̲h̲aut̲h̲īyah.⁸²

Ganj i Ars̲h̲adī, an account of the life and sayings of the above-mentioned Badr al-Ḥaqq M. Ars̲h̲ad b. M. Ras̲h̲īd ʿUt̲h̲mānī Jaunpūrī,⁸³ compiled in 1134–5/1721–3 from rough notes written by S̲h̲. S̲h̲ukr Allāh: ʿAlīgaṛh Subḥ. mss. p. 19 no. 19, Rieu iii 1013b (preface, table of contents and extracts only. Circ. a.d. 1850).

[Tajallī i nūr i p. 74 (from the Baḥr i zak̲h̲k̲h̲ār).]

§ 1347. Mullā Niẓām al-Dīn M. Sihālawī⁸⁴ was the third son of Mullā Quṭb al-Dīn Sihālawī, a celebrated teacher who was murdered in 1103/1692 (cf. no. 1401 2nd par. 2nd footnote infra). Having studied under G̲h̲ulām-Naqs̲h̲band Lak’hnawī (cf. Brockelmann Sptbd. ii p. 611, Raḥmān ʿAlī p. 158) and others, he, like his father, became famous in India as a teacher. He died in Jumādā i 1161/May 1748, and the scholarly tradition of the family was carried on by his ¶ son, Mullā ʿAbd al-ʿAlī M. Baḥr al-ʿulūm Lak’hnawī (for whom see Raḥmān ʿAlī p. 122, Ency. Isl. under Baḥr al-ʿulūm, Brockelmann Sptbd. ii p. 624). His works, nearly all commentaries or ḥawās̲h̲ī on standard text-books, include (1) annotations on Ṣadrā’s commentary on al-Abharī’s Hidāyat al-ḥikmah (see Brockelmann Sptbd. i p. 840 antepenult.), (2) a commentary on Muḥibb Allāh al-Bihārī’s Musallam al-t̲h̲ubūt (see Brockelmann Sptbd. ii p. 623, 1. 5 ab infra), (3) Ṣubḥ i ṣādiq, a commentary on Ḥāfiẓ al-Dīn al-Nasafī’s Manār al-anwār (see Brockelmann Sptbd. ii p. 264, l. 4 ab infra), (4) annotations on the S̲h̲ams i bāzig̲h̲ah of Maḥmūd Jaunpūrī (see Brockelmann Sptbd. ii p. 621), (5) annotations on Jalāl al-Dīn Dawānī’s commentary (ʿAqāʾid i Jalālī) on the ʿAqāʾid of ʿAḍud al-Dīn al-Ījī (see Brockelmann Sptbd. ii p. 292¹²).

Manāqib al-Razzāqīyah, a life of the author’s pīr, the Qādirī saint, S. ʿAbd al-Razzāq Bānsawī, who died on 6 S̲h̲awwāl 1136/1724 at Bānsī in the Bastī District of the United Provinces:⁸⁵ Bānkīpūr xvii 1592, i.o. d.p. 729.

Edition: Lucknow 1896° (pp. 20).

[Malfūẓ i Razzāqī pp. 148–59; Maʾāt̲h̲ir al-kirām p. 220; Subḥat al-marjān pp. 94–5; Ḥadāʾiq al-Ḥanafīyah p. 445; Raḥmān ʿAlī p. 241; Alṭāf al-Raḥmān Aḥwāl i ʿulamāʾ i Farangī Maḥall (in Urdu), Lucknow [1907*] p. 77; Bānkīpūr xvii p. 78.]

§ 1348. Bahāʾ al-Ḥaqq al-Qādirī cannot have lived earlier than the 17th century, since he several times quotes ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Dihlawī, who died in 1052/1642. If the Rāmpūr ms. is correctly described by Nad̲h̲īr Aḥmad as an autograph, he was living in 1138/1725–6.

Anīs al-Qādirīyah, an account of ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī with brief notices of some earlier saints: Rāmpūr (a.h. 1138/1725–6, autograph. See Nad̲h̲īr Aḥmad 31), i.o. d.p. 577 (18th cent.).

§ 1349. M. Ḥabīb Allāh b. S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Jahān Akbarābādī Dihlawī was born at Akbarābād [i.e. Agrah] in 1082/1671–2. At the age of twelve he left his maktab and entered the madrasah of Malik al-ʿUlamāʾ S̲h̲. ʿAṭāʾ Allāh,⁸⁶ with whom he read the Arabic ʿulūm until the age of twenty.⁸⁷ He then married and spent five years in straitened circumstances as a teacher at Delhi. Having entered the service of Zēb al-Nisāʾ, Aurangzēb’s daughter [who died in 1114/1702],⁸⁸ he was for ¶ a time engaged in translating the Fatāwī i ʿĀlamgīrī.⁸⁹ Later in association with Muḥammad-Yār K̲h̲ān, the Governor of Delhi, he compiled a lexicographical work or works.⁹⁰ At the same time he wrote annotations (ḥās̲h̲iyah) on the Qāmūs.⁹¹ Having composed a work entitled Muzīl al-ag̲h̲lāṭ he submitted it to the K̲h̲ān i K̲h̲ānān,⁹² and was taken into the service of Bahādur S̲h̲āh (1119–24/1707–12) with a manṣab of 150. An advantageous intimacy with the Wazīr al-Mulk [i.e. the K̲h̲ān i K̲h̲ānān] ensued.⁹³ After receiving the appointments of Lecturer to the Emperor and Librarian to the K̲h̲ān i K̲h̲ānān,⁹⁴ he accompanied the Imperial army to Ḥaidarābād [in the campaign of 1120/1708–9 against Kām-bak̲h̲s̲h̲, Bahādur S̲h̲āh’s brother]. When they reached the Narbadā on the return journey, he wrote a risālah i ḥurūf i sabʿah [so d.p. 594, but for sabʿah d.p. 634 has ṣīg̲h̲ah (?)] and submitted it to the Emperor, who rewarded him with a k̲h̲ilʿat, a present of 1,000 rupees, promotion to a manṣab of 400, and a jāgīr. In the reign of the S̲h̲ahīd i marḥūm [i.e. Farruk̲h̲-siyar, 1124–31/1713–19] he became Keeper of the Treasury at Delhi and also Superintendent of the Holy Shrines⁹⁵ At this time, he says, he undertook and completed his translation of the Bahjat al-asrār (for which see no. 1251 supra, where it has been recorded that in the work itself the date of completion is given as 1133). At the beginning of Muḥammad S̲h̲āh’s reign (1131–61/1719–48) he was appointed wakīl i s̲h̲arʿī to the king and received the title of K̲h̲ān.⁹⁶ At the time of writing the D̲h̲ikr i jamīʿ i auliyāʾ i Dihlī he was hoping to resign his manṣab and go on a ḥajj. In 1147/1735 he completed and dedicated to Muḥammad S̲h̲āh a Persian ¶ translation of the Qāmūs to which he gave the title Qābūs (mss.: Āṣafīyah iii p. 618 nos. 373–4, Bodleian 1674, Būhār 253–4, Calcutta Madrasah 157–60, Rieu ii 511a, 511b). According to the Tārīk̲h̲ i Muḥammadī (cited by Rieu. iii 1089a) he died at Delhi in 1160/1747.

D̲h̲ikr i jamīʿ i auliyāʾ i Dihlī (a chronogram = 1140/1727–8), lives of the saints of Delhi arranged according to the dates of their aʿrās: i.o. d.p. 594 (18th cent.), 634 (ah 1242/1827), Rieu iii 975b (circ. a.d. 1850) and probably also Āṣafīyah i p. 316 ult. (Tad̲h̲kirah i j. i a. i D. Author not stated, a.h. 1180/1766–7).

[Autobiography in the k̲h̲ātimah to the D̲h̲. i j. i a. i D.]

§ 1350. M. Akram b. S̲h̲. M. ʿAlī b. S̲h̲. Ilāh-bak̲h̲s̲h̲ al-Ḥanafī al-Barāsawī,⁹⁷ a disciple of S̲h̲. Saund’hā Safīdūnī,⁹⁸ by whom he was invested with the k̲h̲irqah i k̲h̲i̲lāfat in 1111/1699–1700, began his Sawāṭiʿ al-anwār at Delhi in 1135/1722–3 and completed it in Muḥarram 1142/July-August 1729.

Sawāṭiʿ al-anwār, or Iqtibās al-anwār,⁹⁹ a large work on the saints of the C̲h̲is̲h̲tī order in four chapters called iqtibās ((1) Muḥammad, the first four Caliphs and the Imāms, (2) from Ḥasan Baṣrī to ʿUt̲h̲mān Hārūnī, (3) from Muʿīn al-Dīn C̲h̲is̲h̲tī to M. b. ʿĀrif b. Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Rudaulawī,¹⁰⁰ (4) from ʿAbd al-Quddūs Gangōhī (cf. no. 1279 supra) to the author’s father), these chapters being subdivided into sections called nūr and, in the case of the third iqtibās, into subsections called sāṭiʿ, lāmiʿ, and s̲h̲uʿāʿ: Ethé 654, i.o. d.p. 667.

Edition: Iqtibās al-anwār, Lahore 1895°* (pp. 349).

List and epitome of the biographies: Ethé coll. 327–39.

§ 1351. M. ʿAbd al-Ras̲h̲īd b. Nad̲h̲r-Muḥammad Qādirī Kairā-nawī was a disciple of Ḥājjī S̲h̲āh Fatḥ-Muḥammad Qādirī Kairānawī, called Miyān-jīw.¹⁰¹ The latter, who was both the maternal uncle and the father-in-law of Nad̲h̲r-Muḥammad, ʿAbd al-Ras̲h̲īd’s father, was born at Anbālah (i.e. Ambala in the Panjāb), received the k̲h̲irqah i k̲h̲ilāfat from S̲h̲. Muḥyī ’l-Dīn (so Rieu), or ¶ S̲h̲. Yaḥyā (so ʿAbd al-Muqtadir), Madanī at al-Madīnah, settled at Kairānah¹⁰² and died there on 29 Rabīʿ al-Awwal 1130/2 March 1718.

(1)

Taḥāʾif i Ras̲h̲īdīyah, biographies (each headed Tuḥfah) of thirty-seven persons from the Prophet to S̲h̲āh Fatḥ-Muḥammad, who form the author’s spiritual pedigree in the Qādirī order, begun in 1137/1724–5 and completed in 1143/1730–1: Rieu i 361b (ah 1146/1733).

List of the biographies: Rieu i p. 362a.

(2)

Tarīk̲h̲ i Qādirīyah, a shorter work on the lives of the same persons, written in 1150/1737: Rāmpūr (ah 1193/1779. See Nad̲h̲īr Aḥmad 74), Bānkīpūr viii 678 (18th cent.).

List of the biographies: Bānkīpūr viii p. 67.

§ 1352. Quṭb al-Dīn Aḥmad, known as (al-maʿrūf bi-) Walī Allāh, b. ʿAbd al-Raḥīm b. Wajīh al-Dīn i S̲h̲ahīd b. Muʿaẓẓam b. Manṣūr al-ʿUmarī al-Naqs̲h̲bandī al-Muḥaddit̲h̲ al-Dihlawī, who was born in 1114/1703 and died in 1176/1762–3, has already been mentioned as the author of the Fatḥ al-Raḥmān (no. 35 (1) supra), al-Fauz al-kabīr (no. 35 (2) supra), the Surūr al-maḥzūn (no. 222 supra, Persian translation of the abridgment) and the Qurrat al-ʿainain (no. 285 supra). Twenty of his works are mentioned by Brockelmann, and Hidāyat Ḥusain’s list, which includes only “the most important” and omits “many pamphlets on religious subjects”, enumerates seventeen. His life, spent in teaching and writing, was uneventful, but he exercised great influence in India as a theologian.

(1)

Anfās al-ʿārifīn, on the lives, sayings and miracles of the author’s kinsmen, teachers, etc., in three qisms, namely (1) Bawāriq al-wilāyah, on the author’s father, ʿAbd al-Raḥīm Dihlawī (d. 1131/1719. See Raḥmān ʿAlī p. 119), (2) S̲h̲awāriq al-maʿrifah, on the author’s paternal uncle, Abū ’l-Riḍā Muḥammad,(3) in five separately-titled and detachable faṣls, of which the first is Imdād fī maʾāt̲h̲ir al-ajdād, the second al-Nubd̲h̲at al-ibrīzah [al-ibrīzīyah ?] fī ’l-laṭīfat al-g̲h̲arīzah [al-g̲h̲arīzīyah ?] (dar nas̲h̲r i aḥwāl i S̲h̲aik̲h̲ ʿAbd al-Azīz Dihlawī u aslāf u ak̲h̲lāf i īs̲h̲ān), the third al-ʿAṭīyat al-Ṣamadīyah fī [’l-?] anfās al-Muḥammadīyah (dar d̲h̲ikr i manāqib … i ḥaḍrat i S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Muḥammad al-PHLTĪ), the fourth Insān al-ʿain fi mas̲h̲āyik̲h̲ al-Ḥaramain, and the fifth al-Juzʾ al-laṭīf fī tarjamat al-ʿabd al-ḍaʿīf, a brief autobiography extending to 14 Rajab 1145/31 ¶ Dec. 1732, the date of the author’s return home from his pilgrimage to Mecca:¹⁰³ i.o. 3985 (only the Imdād. Circ. ad 1895).

Edition: Anfās al-ʿārifīn, Delhi 1315/1897* (pp. 196).

Edition and English translation of Qism iii, faṣl 5: The Persian autobiography of Shāh Walīullah bin ʿAbd al-Raḥīm al-Dihlavī: its English translation and a list of his works. By Mawlavi M. Hidayat Husain (in jasb. N.S. viii (1912) pp. 161–75).

Edition of Qism III, fasl 5: Saṭaʿāt maʿah … Juzʾ al-laṭīf [Delhi 1890°].

(2)

al-Intibāh fī salāsil auliyāʾ Allāh, an enumeration of the spiritual pedigrees of the author with incidental expositions of Ṣūfī practices and other matters, divided (in the i.o. ms.) under the headings Muqaddimah fol. 1b, Silsilah i Ṣūfīyah i ʿulamāʾ fol. 7b, Silsilah i bis̲h̲ārah fol. 8b, Silsilah i K̲h̲wājah [sic] i Qādirīyah fol. 10b, Ṭarīqah i Naqs̲h̲bandīyah fol. 21a, Ṭarīqah i C̲h̲is̲h̲tīyah fol. 42a, Ṭarīqah i Kubrawīyah fol. 55a, Ṭarīqah i Madyanīyah fol. 58a, Ṭarīqah i S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilīyah fol. 61a, Ṭarīqah i S̲h̲aṭṭārīyah fol. 62a: Āṣafīyah i p. 402 no. 584 (ah 1174/1760–1), i.o. d.p. 776 (late 18th cent.).

Edition: Delhi 1311/1893–4 (see jasb. 1912 p. 168).

[To the biographical sources mentioned on p. 22 may be added K̲h̲azīnat al-aṣfiyāʾ ii p. 373; Ḥayāt i Walī (in Urdu. 360 pp.), by M. Raḥīm-Bak̲h̲s̲h̲, Delhi 1319/1901–2*; Bānkīpūr xiv pp. 134–5; Brockelmann Sptbd. ii pp. 614–5. For an anonymous work defending Walī Allāh against the charge that he had insufficient respect for the Imāms, see Bānkīpūr xvii 1619.]

¶ § 1353. For the Burhān al-futūḥ, which was composed in 1148/1736–7 by M. ʿAlī b. M. Ṣādiq Ḥusainī Nīs̲h̲āpūrī Najafī Burhān-pūrī, and of which the fifteenth bāb is devoted to notices of ṣūfīs, see no. 164 supra.

§ 1354. G̲h̲ulām-S̲h̲araf al-Dīn¹⁰⁴ b. S̲h̲. Imām al-Dīn b. S̲h̲. Karīm al-Dīn was the son of a daughter of Hidāyat Allāh Qādirī Ras̲h̲īdī Ars̲h̲adī Faiyāḍī Manērī. He was a disciple of S̲h̲. Abū ’l-Faiyāḍ G̲h̲ulām-Ras̲h̲īd (see no. 1346 supra), whose discourses he attended and noted down from 11 Muḥarram to 12 Ramaḍān 1147/13 June 1734 to 5 February 1735.

Ganj i Faiyāḍī, a biography of the above-mentioned S̲h̲. Abū ’l-Faiyāḍ G̲h̲ulām-Ras̲h̲īd with a collection of his letters and sayings: Browne Pers. Cat. 111 (ah 1150/1738), Ivanow Curzon 80 (18th cent.).

§ 1355. M. b. Yār-Muḥammad¹⁰⁵ b. Rājī Kamman Kōlawī tells us that he was born on 2 D̲h̲ū ’l-Ḥijjah 1098/9 October 1697.

As̲h̲jār al-jamāl or alternatively Ak̲h̲bār al-jamāl, short notices of prophets and saints including some Ṣūfīs of Kōl (i.e. ʿAlīgaṛh), completed in 1151/1738: Ivanow Curzon 81 (defective. Late 18th cent.) = Nad̲h̲īr Aḥmad 57.

§ 1356. M. Qiyām al-Dīn, commonly called (ʿurf) Qaḍī K̲h̲ān, b. Abū ’l-Ḥasan C̲h̲is̲h̲tī Fārūqī.

Ḥaqāʾiq al-auliyāʾ, written in 1154/1741–2: Āṣafīyah iii p. 100 no. 1293 (Precise subject not stated, ah 1154/1741–2).

§ 1357. M. Najīb Qādirī Nāgaurī Ajmērī wrote his Mak̲h̲zan al-aʿrās in 1155/1742 and 1156/1743 (and possibly subsequent years) on the basis of a work by S̲h̲araf al-Dīn b. Qāḍī S̲h̲aik̲h̲ M. Nahrawālī¹⁰⁶

¶ Mak̲h̲zan al-aʿrās, dates of the deaths of saints arrayed under the months: Ivanow 1631 (slightly defective at end. Late 18th cent.), 1632 (late 18th or early 19th cent.), Ivanow 1st Spt. 869 (early 19th cent.).

Edition (presumably of this work): Kitāb i aʿrās, by M. Najīb Qādirī Nāgaurī, [Āgrah] 1300/1883°.

§ 1358. Miyāṅ Aḥmad b. Maḥmūd Uwaisī C̲h̲anābī.

Laṭāʾif i nafīsīyah¹⁰⁷ dar faḍāʾil i Uwaisīyah, anecdotes of Uwais al-Qaranī,¹⁰⁸ written in 1156/1743: Lahore Panjāb Univ. Lib. (see ocm. viii/4 p. 42).

Edition: Delhi 1314/1896°.

Urdu translation: Nasīm i Yaman fī ḥālāt i Uwais i Qaran, by S. M. Is̲h̲fāq¹⁰⁹ Ḥusain S̲h̲āh Razzāqī, Lahore 1328/1910*.

§ 1359. Abū ’l-Faiḍ Kamāl al-Dīn M. Iḥsān b. Ḥasan Aḥmad (d. 1149/1736) b. M. Hādī b. M. ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad Mujaddid i Alf i T̲h̲ānī was a great-great-grandson of the celebrated Naqs̲h̲bandī saint Aḥmad Sirhindī and was apparently a k̲h̲alīfah of the saint in Oudh or Bengal.

Rauḍat al-qaiyūmīyah, begun before 1152/1739 but then interrupted until about 1154/1741 and containing in the concluding lines a reference to the reigning sovereign Muḥammad S̲h̲āh (d. 1161/1748), though some later dates (e.g. 1164/1751) occur in the narrative, a detailed account of the lives (narrated laudably year by year) and miracles, etc., of the great saint Aḥmad Fārūqī Sirhindī, called here the first qaiyūm (qaiyūm i awwal i īn ummat), who died in 1034/1624 (see no. 1316 (1), 1st footnote supra), and his first three successors (the second, third and fourth qaiyūm), namely, his (third) son, M. Maʿṣūm called ʿUrwat al-wut̲h̲qā (b. 1007/1599, d. 1079/1668),¹¹⁰ M. Naqs̲h̲band Ḥujjat Allāh (b. 1034/1625, d. 1114/1702), the son of the preceding, and M. Zubair (b. 1093/1682, d. 1152/1740), with an ¶ enormous number (probably more than two thousand) of short notices of their descendants and disciples, interspersed with incidental references to historical events, e.g. Nādir S̲h̲āh’s invasion, which the author, an eye-witness, describes at some length: Ivanow Curzon 82 (ah 1218/1804).

§ 1360. M. Amān b. M. Yūsuf b. M. Raḥīm seems to have followed the army of Niẓām al-Mulk Āṣaf-Jāh to Arcot [in 1156/1743]. He had visited the shrines of saints at Aurangābād, Gwalior and elsewhere.

Safīnat al-ʿārifīn, notices of numerous holy men, mostly Indian, from the first four Caliphs to the end of the eleventh century of the Hijrah, the latest date being 1103/1692, the year of the death of S. Ḥasan Rasūl-numā:¹¹¹ Rieu i 362b (18th cent.).

§ 1361. For the Wāqiʿāt i Kas̲h̲mīr, begun by M. Aʿẓam in 1148/1735–6, completed in 1160/1747, and devoted largely to the lives of Kas̲h̲mīrī saints, see no. 880 (1) supra.

§ 1362. Mir G̲h̲ulām-ʿAlī “Āzād” Bilgrāmī, who was born at Bilgrām in 1116/1704 and died, doubtless at Aurangābād, in 1200/1786, has already been mentioned (no. 1162 supra) as the author of the K̲h̲izānah i ʿāmirah and other works.

(1)

Raudat al-auliyāʾ, lives of ten saints buried at Rauḍah (“Rauza”, “Roza”, “Raoza”), or K̲h̲uldābād (cf. no. 1162, 4th par., 2nd footnote supra), namely Burhān al-Dīn M, called al-G̲h̲arīb al-Hānsawī¹¹² (p. 4), Muntajab al-Dīn Zarzarī Zar-bak̲h̲s̲h̲ (p. 14), Ḥasan Dihlawī (p. 16), Rājū Qattāl (p. 18), Gēsū-darāz (p. 19), Farīd al-Dīn Adīb (p. 25), Khwājah Ḥusain b. Maḥmūd S̲h̲īrāzī (p. 26), Zain al-Dīn Dāwud b. K̲h̲wājah Ḥusain S̲h̲īrāzī (p. 26), S̲h̲āh Jalāl Ganj i Rawān (p. 41), S̲h̲āh K̲h̲āksār (p. 42), followed by brief notices of three rulers buried there (Aurangzēb, Niẓām al-Mulk Burhān S̲h̲āh, Niẓām al-Mulk Āṣaf-Jāh) and an autobiography of the author, who wrote the work in 1161/1748: Āṣafīyah iii p. 164 no. 148 (ah 1167/1753–4), i p. 320 no. 22 (ah 1232/1816–17), Ethē 655.

¶ Edition: Aurangābād 1310/1892–3*.

Urdu translation by Saif Allāh Qādirī: Tarjamah i R. al-a., Ḥaidarābād (see Ḥaidarābād Coll. p. 52, where neither the date of publication nor the name of the original author is mentioned).

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Maʾāt̲h̲ir al-kirām tārīk̲h̲ i Bilgrām, completed in 1166/1752–3 and divided into two faṣls, namely (1) lives of about eighty fuqarāʾ, i.e. saints and mystics, firstly those of Bilgrām and its neighbourhood and secondly those incidentally mentioned in the preceding biographies, (2) lives of about seventy fuḍalāʾ, i.e. learned men, firstly those of India and secondly those of Oudh and Bilgrām: Āṣafīyah i p. 348 no. 105 (ah 1180/1766–7), Ethé 682 (sent by the author to Richard Johnson in 1785), i.o. 3923 (circ. ad 1880 ?), Bānkīpūr viii 723 (early 19th cent.), Rieu iii 971a (ah 1266/1850), Berlin 603 (Faṣl 2 only).

Edition: Ḥaidarābād 1910 (with introduction by ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq. See ocm. iii/2 (Feb. 1927) p. 33 footnote).

List of the biographies in Faṣl 2: Berlin pp. 567–8.

The Sarw i āzād, which is the second volume of this work, though for all practical purposes it may be regarded as independent, has already been dealt with (no. 1162 (16) supra).

§ 1363. Ḥanīf al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Qādir b. Qāḍī S. M. S̲h̲arīf b. Qāḍī S. M. Ḥanīf Kintūrī¹¹³ Nīs̲h̲āpurī died in 1204/1789–90 (according to the Āṣafīyah catalogue).

Kuḥl al-jawāhir fī manāqib ʿAbd al-Qādir, written in 1167/1753–4: Āṣafīyah i p. 460 no. 633.

§ 1364. For the C̲h̲ahār guls̲h̲an of Rāy C̲h̲aturman, which was completed in 1173/1759–60 and of which the fourth guls̲h̲an is devoted to Muslim and Hindu saints, see no. 631 supra.

§ 1365. For the Mirʾāt i Aḥmadī, which was completed by ʿAlī Muḥammad K̲h̲ān in 1175/1761, and of which the k̲h̲ātimah contains inter alia accounts of the saints and Saiyids buried in, or near, Aḥmadābād, see no. 984 supra.

§ 1366. M. Ṣādiq Kās̲h̲g̲h̲arī.

Tad̲h̲kirah i K̲h̲wājagān, or Tad̲h̲kirah i ʿAzīzān, a Turkī work on the lives of certain saints of Kās̲h̲g̲h̲ar, written in 1182/1768–9: Leningrad Institut (see Manuscrits turcs de l’Institut des Langues Orientales décrits par W. ¶ D. Smirnow (St. Petersburg 1897) pp. 156–60. Cf. Semenov Ukazatel p. 15, where no mss. are mentioned).

English epitome: The history of the K̲h̲ojas of Eastern-Turkistān summarized from the Tazkira-i-K̲h̲wājagān of Muḥammad Ṣādiq Kās̲h̲g̲h̲arī, by the late Robert Barkley Shaw … Edited with introduction and notes by N. Elias. Calcutta 1897 (Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. lxvi, part 1, extra no.).

Persian version (?):¹¹⁴ mss. ?

§ 1367. M. ʿĀbid.

Ḥālāt i Saiyid Sālār Masʿūd G̲h̲āzī, an account, written in 1188/1774–5, [presumably of the Saiyid who is said to have founded G̲h̲āzīpūr (cf. no. 1411 (64) footnote infra) rather than of the legendary hero who has already been mentioned (no. 1329 (7) supra) as the subject of the Mirʾāt i Masʿūdī]: Āṣafīyah iii p. 362 no. 251 (ad 1831).

§ 1368. S. G̲h̲ulām-Ḥusain K̲h̲ān b. Hidāyat-ʿAlī K̲h̲ān b. S. ʿAlīm Allāh b. S. Faiḍ Allāh¹¹⁵ Ṭabāṭabāʾī Ḥasanī, who was born at Delhi in 1140/1727–8, has already been mentioned (pp. 625–40) as the author of the Siyar al-mutaʾak̲h̲k̲h̲irīn, which he began in 1194/1780 and completed in 1195/1781.

Bis̲h̲ārat al-imāmah, a mat̲h̲nawī, written before the Siyar al-mutaʾak̲h̲k̲h̲irīn,¹¹⁶ on the lives of the author’s ancestors, especially the miracles of his great-grandfather, S. Faiḍ Allāh Ṭabāṭabāʾī, and his grandfather S. ʿAlīm Allāh Ṭabāṭabā, the latter of whom died at ʿAẓīmābād (i.e. Patna) in S̲h̲aʿbān 1156/1743:¹¹⁷ Bānkīpūr Suppt. i 1991 (ah 1277/1860).

§ 1369. “From various incidental allusions in his book it is possible to conclude that” a certain Sabzawārī (k̲h̲āk-sār i Sabzawārī, as he calls himself) “wrote shortly after 1188/1774” (Ivanow). S. Qamar al-Dīn Aurangābādī (d. 1193/1779 or 1195/1781: cf. no. 36 supra), the subject of the 26th sāniḥah, and Mīr G̲h̲ulām-ʿAlī “Āzād” (d. 1200/1786: cf. no. 1162, 4th par. supra), the subject of the 27th, were still alive at the time of writing.

(Sawāniḥ), a work in 31 sāniḥahs on the saints buried or still living in or near Aurangābād (the first being Burhān al-Dīn G̲h̲arīb, who died in ¶ 738/1337, the last Miyāṅ G̲h̲ulām-Ḥusain, still living), with descriptions of their graves and of the city: Ivanow 285 (late 18th cent.), possibly also Rehatsek p. 197 no. 43 (“Resáláh Sowáneh … This little ms. contains the legends of the saints who lived during the time of Aurung-zyb, who amounted to about a dozen or so; it contains also a description of the city of Aurangábád, which he restored and looked upon with peculiar favour, and of the mausoleum of one of his Begums; it was composed during his lifetime,¹¹⁸ but bears no date”).

List of the biographies, etc.: Ivanow pp. 122–3.

§ 1370. M. Aʿẓam T’hattawī.

Tuḥfat al-ṭāhirīn, an account of the saints buried at Tattah and on Maklī hill (no. 1373 (2) footnote infra), written in 1194/1780: Rieu iii 1061b (extracts only).

§ 1371. It was at the request of Ṭīpū Sulṭān (ruler of Mysore 1197–1213/1782–99: cf. no. 1070) that a certain M. S̲h̲arīf compiled the Ṣahīfat al-aʿrās.

Ṣaḥīfat al-aʿrās, or Tarīk̲h̲ i wafāt i buzurgān, an almanac giving the names of the holy personages who died on each day of the Muḥammadan year: Ethé 2733, Ivanow 1634.

§ 1372. Mīr S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn¹¹⁹ “Niẓām”, entitled ʿImād al-Mulk¹²⁰ G̲h̲āzī al-Dīn K̲h̲ān Fīrōz-Jang [iii], was a son of the Amīr al-umarāʾ G̲h̲āzī al-Din K̲h̲ān Fīrōz-Jang [ii, i.e. Mīr M. Panāh, d. 1165/1752¹²¹] and a grandson of Niẓām al-Mulk Āṣaf-Jāh¹²² His mother was a daughter of Iʿtimād al-Daulah Qamar al-Dīn K̲h̲ān,¹²³ who became Wazīr to Muḥammad S̲h̲āh in 1136/1724 and died in 1161/1748. In the reign of Aḥmad S̲h̲āh (1161–7/1748–54) he was Mīr Bak̲h̲s̲h̲ī (Quartermaster General¹²⁴) and subsequently Wazīr. He directed the military ¶ operations against Ṣafdar-Jang¹²⁵ and, with Marāṭ’hā help, against Sūraj Mal, the Jāṭ. In 1167/1754 he deposed Aḥmad S̲h̲āh and placed ʿĀlamgīr ii upon the throne. In 1169/1755 Mīr Muʿīn al-Mulk, Governor of the Panjāb,¹²⁶ who had perforce submitted to Aḥmad S̲h̲āh Abdālī, died, and his widow and her favourite Ādīnah Bēg K̲h̲ān¹²⁷ seized the reins of government. ʿImād al-Mulk, desiring to restore the province to the empire, captured Lahore, where he left Ādīnah Bēg K̲h̲ān in charge, removed Mug̲h̲ulānī Bēgam to Delhi and married her daughter. Aḥmad S̲h̲āh Abdālī at once marched on Lahore (ah 1170/1756), expelled Ādīnah Bēg K̲h̲ān, and went on to Delhi, which he entered victoriously with ʿĀlamgīr ii and ʿImād al-Mulk in his train. ʿImād al-Mulk then took part on behalf of Aḥmad S̲h̲āh Abdālī in the operations of Jahān K̲h̲ān against Sūraj Mal and in unsuccessful hostilities against S̲h̲ujāʿ al-Daulah of Oudh. Aḥmad S̲h̲āh Abdālī, displeased with ʿImād al-Mulk, appointed Najīb al-Daulah Amīr al-Umarāʾ and left for Lahore. ʿImād al-Mulk marched from Farruk̲h̲ābād against Najīb al-Daulah and with Marāṭ’hā help besieged him and ʿĀlamgīr ii in Delhi. In 1174/1760 the growing power of the Sik’hs and Marāṭ’hās brought Aḥmad S̲h̲āh Abdālī for the fourth time to India, and the Marāṭ’hās were defeated at Pānīpat. ʿImād al-Mulk, knowing that ʿĀlamgīr ii desired an Abdālī victory, had murdered him [8 Rabīʿ ii 1173/29 Nov. 1759] on Aḥmad S̲h̲āh’s approach.

The days of ʿImād al-Mulk’s power were now over. For a time he stayed with Sūraj Mal [who died in 1177/1763], then with Aḥmad K̲h̲ān Bangas̲h̲ [d. 1185/1771] at Farruk̲h̲ābād, and he fought on the side of S̲h̲ujāʿ al-Daulah of Oudh against the British. In 1187/1773 he went to the Deccan and received some land in Mālwah from the Marāṭ’hās. Then after living for a time at Sūrat he went on a pilgrimage to Mecca. In 1195/1781 according to the Gulzār i Ibrāhīm, (cited in Sprenger p. 273) he was in Sind. Subsequently he was at the court of Tīmūr S̲h̲āh Abdālī (who reigned 1187–1207/1773–93), and in 1211/1797, when Zamān S̲h̲āh (1207–16/1793–1801) invaded the Panjāb, ʿImād al-Mulk is said to have been in his service. He died at Kālpī on 10 Rabīʿ ii 1215/1 September 1800.¹²⁸

ʿImād al-Mulk, who originally used the tak̲h̲alluṣ “Āṣaf” but abandoned it later for “Niẓām”, wrote poetry in Persian, Urdu, Arabic and Turkī. His Persian dīwān, of which there are mss. in the British Museum (Rieu ii 719b) and at Leningrad (Romaskewicz p. 9), was published in 1301/1883–4 (see Āṣafīyah iii ¶ p. 296, where the place of publication (presumably Ḥaidarābād) is not mentioned). A poem in praise of ʿAlī (Manqabat i Niẓām dar madḥ i ʿAlī) and a qaṣīdah are preserved in ms. (autograph ?) at ʿAlīgaṛh (Subḥ. mss. p. 37 nos. 7, 8). His mat̲h̲nawīs included one on the miracles of Maulānā Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn (Fak̲h̲rīyat al-Niẓām), but no mss. seem to be recorded.

Manāqib i Fak̲h̲rīyah, a biography of Maulānā M. Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn called Muḥibb al-Nabī Dihlawī,¹²⁹ written in 1201/1786–7: i.o. d.p. 728 (ah 1227/1812), Lindesiana p. 158 no. 741 (ah 1240/1824–5), Āṣafīyah i p. 490 no. 342 (ah 1312/1894–5).

Edition: Delhi 1315/1897*.

[K̲h̲izānah i ʿāmirah pp. 50–4; Maʾāt̲h̲ir al-umarāʾ ii pp. 847–56; Gulzār i Ibrāhīm; Muṣhafī Tad̲h̲kirah i Hindī; Mak̲h̲zan al-g̲h̲arāʾib no. 2922; Majmūʿah i nag̲h̲z ii pp. 277–80; Tad̲h̲kirah i Sarwar; Tad̲h̲kirah i k̲h̲wus̲h̲-nawīsān p. 76; ʿIyār al-s̲h̲uʿarāʾ; Guls̲h̲an i bī-k̲h̲ār; Tārīk̲h̲ ʿImād al-Mulk (see no. 797 supra); Nag̲h̲mah i ʿandalīb; Sprenger p. 273; Garcin de Tassy ii pp. 476–7; W. Irvine The Bangash Nawábs of Farrukhábád (in jasb. xlviii/l (1879)) pp. 128–30; Rieu ii 719–20, iii 1092b; Beale Oriental biographical dictionary under Ghazi-uddin Khan iii.]

§ 1373. Mīr ʿAlī S̲h̲ēr “Qāniʿ” Tattawī, who was born in 1140/1727–8 and was still alive in 1202/1787–8, has already been mentioned (no. 828 supra) as the author of the Tuḥfat al-kirām and other works.

(1)

Miʿyar i sālikān i ṭarīqat (a chronogram = 1202/1787–8), lives of saints from the time of Muḥammad to the close of the twelfth century of the Hijrah in twelve miʿyārs each devoted to a century: Rieu ii 847b (ah 1246/1830), i.o. 4396 (circ. ad 1852 probably).

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Maklī-nāmah, accounts of the saints buried on Maklī hill¹³⁰ (beside Tattah): Rieu iii 1061b (extracts only).

¶ § 1374. Autobiographical statements in the text of the Baḥr i zak̲h̲k̲h̲ār show that the author, Wajīh al-Dīn As̲h̲raf, lived at Lucknow and that he was writing the work in 1203/1788–9.

Baḥr i zak̲h̲k̲h̲ār (beginning: Ḥamd i bī-ḥadd Qadīmī rā), a “vast compilation” (595 foll, in the very imperfect b.m. ms.) devoted to the lives of saints and mystics, mostly Indian and many contemporary with the author, divided into eight lujjahs, which are subdivided into nahrs and again into maujs (viz.¹³¹ (1) Muḥammad’s children and wives, the Caliphs and the Companions, (2) ʿAlī, Fāṭimah, the Imāms, the Tābiʿīn, traditionists, jurists and Qurʾān-readers, (3) (a) Ḥasan Baṣrī¹³² and his disciples, (b) C̲h̲irāg̲h̲ i Dihlī (cf. no. 1259 1st par. last footnote supra) and his disciples, (c) Sirāj al-Dīn ʿUt̲h̲mān¹³³ and his order, (d) ʿAlī Ṣabīr,¹³⁴ etc., (4) (a) Maʿrūf Kark̲h̲ī,¹³⁵ etc., (b) ʿAbd al-Qādir Gīlānī (cf. no. 1251 2nd par. footnote supra), and the Qādirīs, (c) Abū Najīb Suhrawardī,¹³⁶ etc., (d) Najm al-Dīn Kubrā,¹³⁷ ¶ (5) (a) saints of the Mag̲h̲rib, (b) Qalandarīs, (c) martyrs, (d) Bāyazīd Bisṭāmī;¹³⁸ Bahāʾ al-Dīn Naqs̲h̲band (cf. no. 1263 2nd par. 1st footnote supra); S̲h̲aṭṭārīs; S̲h̲āh Madār (cf. no. 1329 (6) supra), (e) Wais [i.e. Uwais] Qaranī (cf. no. 1358 supra), (6). saints of unknown affiliation, (7) ecstatics (majd̲h̲ūbān), (8) female saints): Rieu iii 976b (Lujjahs 1–3 and first two sections of Lujjah 4, defective at end. Circ. ad 1850).

Edition of the portion relating to the Ṣābirīs: S̲h̲uʿbah [= Mauj ?] i siwum az nahr i duwum¹³⁹ i lujjah i siwum i kitāb i Baḥr i zak̲h̲k̲h̲ār, Allahabad 1313/1895* (51 pp.).

§ 1375. M. Naʿīm Allāh Bahrāʾic̲h̲ī Ḥanafī Naqs̲h̲bandī, born in 1153/1740–1, doubtless at Bahra’ic̲h̲ (65 miles north-east of Lucknow), was the son of G̲h̲ulām-Quṭb al-Dīn, commonly called (ʿurf) Malik Kālī (or Kālē ?). b. Malik G̲h̲ulām-Muḥammad. In 1171/1757–8 he went to Lucknow and pursued Arabic studies there. Subsequently he studied at S̲h̲āhjahānpūr, Bareilly, Delhi, Murādābād and elsewhere. In 1186/1772–3 he was initiated into the Naqs̲h̲bandī order by M. Jamīl, one of Mīrzā Jān-i-Jānān “Maẓhar’s” k̲h̲alīfahs, who had come from Delhi to Lucknow. Not long afterwards he visited “Maẓhar” at Delhi and spent four months there. In 1189/1775–6 he returned to Delhi and remained in constant association with “Maẓhar” for four years, receiving from him the k̲h̲irqah and his ijāzat as a member of the Naqs̲h̲bandī, Qādirī, C̲h̲is̲h̲tī and Suhrawardī orders. Thenceforward he lived mainly in Lucknow. When he wrote his autobiography in 1208/1793–4, he had visited Delhi four times, the bilād i Afāg̲h̲inah (i.e. probably Rohilkhand) several times and Pānīpat twice. He died at Bahrā’ic̲h̲ in 1218/1803–4.

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Bis̲h̲ārāt i Maẓharīyah dar faḍāʾil i ḥadarāt i ṭarīqah i Mujaddidīyah¹⁴⁰ (beginning: al-Ḥ. l. ’llad̲h̲ī aẓhara fī Mirʾāt al-ḥudūt̲h̲ anwār al-qidam), a ¶ life of the saint and poet Mirzā “Maẓhar”,¹⁴¹ founder of the S̲h̲amsīyah Maẓharīyah branch of the Naqs̲h̲bandī order, with accounts of twelve other Naqs̲h̲bandī s̲h̲aik̲h̲s (the first Aḥmad Sirhindī, the last M. ʿĀbid Sunāmī142) and some forty-five of “Maẓhar’s” k̲h̲ulafāʾ (the first T̲h̲anāʾ Allāh Pānīpatī (cf. K̲h̲azīnat al-aṣfiyāʾ i p. 689, Raḥman ʿAlī p. 38, etc.) the last Nūr-Muḥammad Qandahārī), written in 1204/1789–90 at the suggestion of Mīr M. Māh Bahrāʾic̲h̲ī and divided into a muqaddimah, two maqṣads (subdivided into five and six bābs respectively), and a k̲h̲ātimah: Rieu i 363a (ah 1207/1792), i.o. 4431 (late 18th cent.).

(2)

¶ Maʿmūlāt i Maẓharīyah, “an account of the Maẓharī sect of Ṣūfīs with special reference to the doctrines of its founder Maẓhar Jān-jānān” (Arberry). Editions: Cawnpore 1284/1867*, Lahore 1893† (in both of these editions the M. i M. is followed by Maḥbūb i ʿārifīn, “a short tract on the duties of the mystic” (Arberry), by ʿAlī Rāstīnī).

(3)

(Aḥwāl i Naʿīm Allāh Bahrāʾic̲h̲ī), a brief autobiography (beginning: Baʿd i ḥamd u ṣalāt az faqīr Naʿīm Allāh ʿufiya ʿanhu birādar i girāmī-qadr Bak̲h̲s̲h̲ Allāh wa-g̲h̲airah birādarān zāda qadruhum daryāband kih …) written in 1208/1793–4 at the age of fifty-six: i.o. 4431 foll. ¹⁴²b–145b (late 18th cent.).

[Autobiography mentioned above; statements, in the Bis̲h̲ārāt i Maẓharīyah (summarized by Rieu); Raḥmān ʿAlī p. 243.]

§ 1376. S̲h̲āh ʿAbd Allāh, commonly called (al-mas̲h̲hūr bi-) G̲h̲ulām-ʿAlī,. b. S. ʿAbd al-Laṭīf Mujaddidī ʿAlawī Dihlawī was born in 1158/1745 at Baṭālah in the Gūrdāspūr District of the Panjāb. At the age of thirteen he went to Delhi and associated with well-known Ṣūfīs like Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn Fak̲h̲r i Jahān (cf. no. 1372, 4th par., footnote supra) and K̲h̲wājah Mīr “Dard”. In 1180/1766–7 at the age of twenty-two he became a disciple of Mīrzā “Maẓhar” (cf. no. 1375 (1), 2nd footnote supra) and in due course received from him the k̲h̲irqah i k̲h̲ilāfat of the four main orders. After “Maẓhar’s” death G̲h̲ulām-ʿAlī succeeded him as superior of his community (jā-nis̲h̲īn u ṣāḥib-sajjādah i īs̲h̲ān s̲h̲ud). He died on 22 Ṣafar 1240/1824. Collections of his letters (Makātīb i s̲h̲arīfah. Edition: Madras 1334/1916*) and of his utterances (Durr al-maʿārif.¹⁴³ Edition: Delhi [1927*]) were made by his disciple S̲h̲āh Raʾūf Aḥmad Muṣṭafā-ābādī (for whom see K̲h̲azīnat al-aṣfiyāʾ i p. 703, Ḥadāʾiq al-Ḥanafīyah p. 472, Raḥmān ʿAlī p. 66). The former is presumably the work dar bāb i maktūbāt u maqāmāt i ān-janāb referred to in the K̲h̲azīnah i p. 703 antepenult.

Maqāmāt i Maẓharī, or Laṭāʾif i k̲h̲amsah, “memoirs, with some letters, of Shams ul-Dīn Habīb Ullāh Maẓharī” [sic, but read Maẓhar]: ʿAlīgaṛh Subḥ. mss. p. 18 no. 10 (?) (Risālah dar ḥālāt i … Mirzā Jān i Jānān wa-g̲h̲airah, by S̲h̲āh G̲h̲ulām-ʿAlī).

Edition: Delhi 1309/1892°, probably also [Delhi] Aḥmadī Press, 1269/1853* (a biography of “Maẓhar” epitomized from Maulawī Naʿīm Allāh’s work (see no. 1375 (1) supra) by G̲h̲ulām-ʿAlī Mujaddidī ʿAlawī, without title-page but beginning with the words Īn risālah i s̲h̲arīfah dar bayān i ḥālāt u maqāmāt i ḥaḍrat i S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Ḥabīb Allāh …).

¶ Probably this author is the same as ʿAbd Allāh maʿrūf bah G̲h̲ulām-ʿAlī who wrote

Karāmāt u irs̲h̲ādāt i Mujaddid i Alf i T̲h̲ānī:¹⁴⁴ Āṣafīyah i p. 460 no. 288.

[K̲h̲azīnat al-aṣfiyāʾ i pp. 693–700; Raḥmān ʿAlī p. 155.]

§ 1377. Mullā M. Ṣādiq Yārkandī.

Majmaʿ al-muḥaqqiqīn, a history of the K̲h̲wājahs of Kās̲h̲ghar to 1208/1793–4: no mss. recorded ?

Eastern-Turkish translation by Mullā M. Sātqīn: ms. in private possession (see Semenov Ukazatel’ p. 24, where a reference is given to Validov Vostochnye rukopisi v Ferganskoi oblasti (Zapiski Vostochn. Otd. Imp. Russ. Arkheol. Obshchestva xxii) p. 304).

§ 1378. Turāb ʿAlī b. M. Kāẓim Qalandarī ʿAlawī Kākōrawī,¹⁴⁵ a descendant of Niẓām al-Dīn Qārī known as S̲h̲. Bhīkan Kākōrawī,¹⁴⁶ was born in 1181/1767–8 and died on 5 Jumādā i 1275/11 December 1858. Among his works were a dīwān (described by Raḥmān ʿAlī as mas̲h̲hūr), Maṭālib i ras̲h̲īdī (on ethics and Ṣūfism. Editions: Lucknow 1280/1863°, 1875°*, 1896†) and S̲h̲arāʾiṭ al-wasāʾiṭ (“on the duties and observances of Ṣūfī instructors and their disciples”. Edition: Lucknow 1293/1876*). Of the Maktūbāt i S̲h̲āh Mujtabā Lāharpūrī,¹⁴⁷ compiled by him in 1224/1809, there is a ms. at Ḥaidarābād (Āṣafīyah i p. 484). To the south-east of the town of Kākōrī are the dargāhs of S̲h̲āh M. Kāẓim¹⁴⁸ and S̲h̲āh Abū Turāb, “in whose memory annual festivals are celebrated and a great fair is held, attended by large numbers of people from Lucknow and the neighbouring villages” (Lucknow: a gazetteer, by H. R. Nevill, Allahabad 1904, p. 191).

(1)

Kas̲h̲f al-mutawārī fī ḥāl i Niẓām al-Dīn i Qārī, a biography of the afore-mentioned S̲h̲. Bhīkan. Edition: Lucknow 1318/1901°.

(2)

¶ Uṣūl al-maqṣūd, accounts of twelve Qalandarī s̲h̲aik̲h̲s, the spiritual ancestors of the author,¹⁴⁹ written in 1225–6/1810–11 and divided into twelve chapters called aṣl: Ivanow Curzon 83 (ah 1275/1858), Bānkīpūr viii 679 (latter half of 19th cent.).

Edition: place ? 1312/1894–5 (see Āṣafīyah i p. 316).

Lists of the biographies: (1) Ivanow-Curzon p. 88, (2) Bānkīpūr viii p. 69.

[al-Rauḍ al-azhar p. 190 onwards; Mawāhib al-qalandar p. 25⁸; Raḥmān ʿAlī p. 36.]

§ 1379. A certain “Girāmī” appears to be the author of the Riyāḍ al-wāṣilīn.

Riyāḍ al-wāṣilīn (a chronogram = 1229/1814), or Tad̲h̲kirah i wāṣilān, a metrical account of famous saints composed by order of M. Raḥīm K̲h̲ān, of K̲h̲īwah (who reigned 1221–41/1806–25): Leningrad Mus. Asiat. (see Mélanges asiatiques vii (St. Petersburg 1876) p. 402).

§ 1380. Gul Muḥammad Maʿrūfī Kark̲h̲ī¹⁵⁰ C̲h̲is̲h̲tī Aḥmadpūrī is described in a marginal note on p. 1 of the Delhi edition of his D̲h̲ikr al-aṣfiyāʾ as the eldest son of Ḥakīm Allāh-Yār Maʿrūfī Kark̲h̲ī and as a resident of Aḥmadpūr S̲h̲arqīyah in the State of Bahāwalpūr. He is mentioned in the Bahāwalpūr State Gazetteer (p. 179) as a disciple and k̲h̲alīfah of K̲h̲wājah M. ʿĀqil, a saint buried at Kōṭ Miṭ’han¹⁵¹ in the D̤ērah G̲h̲āzī K̲h̲ān District. According to the list of aʿrās printed at the end of the D̲h̲ikr al-aṣfiyāʾ (p. 226) he died on 9 Muḥarram 1243/3 August 1827.

¶ D̲h̲ikr al-aṣfiyāʾ fī takmilat Siyar al-auliyāʾ dar manqabat i S̲h̲ams al-Hudā,¹⁵² a continuation of the Siyar al-auliyāʾ of S. M. Kirmānī (see no. 1259 supra) divided into a muqaddimah (on the ḥilyah of the Prophet and the dates of the death of the C̲h̲is̲h̲tī saints down to C̲h̲irāg̲h̲ i Dihlī),¹⁵³ two bābs (on the lives of Kamāl al-Dīn ʿAllāmah,¹⁵⁴ Sirāj al-Dīn b. Kamāl al-Dīn,¹⁵⁵ ʿAlam al-Dīn M.,¹⁵⁶ S̲h̲. Rājan,¹⁵⁷ S̲h̲. jmn (Jumman ?),¹⁵⁸ S̲h̲. Ḥasan M.,¹⁵⁹ S̲h̲. M. b. Ḥasan M.,¹⁶⁰ Muḥyī ’l-Dīn Yaḥyā Madanī,¹⁶¹ Kalīm Allāh Jahānābādī,¹⁶² Niẓām al-Dīn Aurangābādī,¹⁶³ Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn b. Niẓām al-Dīn Aurangābādī,¹⁶⁴ Nūr-M. Mahārawī,¹⁶⁵ M. ʿĀqil,¹⁶⁶ and their disciples) and a k̲h̲ātimah (on the aʿrās). Edition: Delhi 1312/1894°*.

[D̲h̲ikr al-aṣfiyāʾ p. 208 foll.]

¶ § 1381. Qāḍī M. Irtaḍā ʿAlī K̲h̲ān “K̲h̲wus̲h̲nūd” Gōpāmawī¹⁶⁷ was born in 1198/1783–4. He was a pupil of Maulawī Ḥaidar ʿAlī Sandīlī¹⁶⁸ and Maulawī M. Ibrāhīm Bilgrāmī. In 1225/1810–11 he went to Madrās, where his father, Muṣṭafā ʿAlī K̲h̲ān, was Qāḍī, and after his father’s death he himself became Qāḍī of Madrās. He died in 1251/1835–6. Of his works Raḥmān ʿAlī mentions (1) commentaries or ḥawās̲h̲ī on Ṣadrā,¹⁶⁹ Mīr Zāhid Mullā Jalāl¹⁷⁰ and other text-books, (2) Nafāʾis i Irtaḍāʾīyah, (3) Nuqūd al-ḥisāb, (4) risālah i Farāʾiḍ,¹⁷¹ (5) S̲h̲arḥ i qaṣīdah i Burdah. For a ms. of his Fatāwā see Āṣafīyah ii p. 1062 no. 97.

(1)

Fawāʾid i Saʿdīyah, “ lives of famous saints and Ṣūfīs.” Edition: Lucknow 1885°.

(2)

Tuḥfah i Aʿẓamīyah,¹⁷² catalogued under the heading Tad̲h̲kirah i Fārisī, but whether it is a tad̲h̲kirah of poets or saints is not stated: Āṣafīyah i p. 316 no. 96 (ah 1235/1819–20).

[Is̲h̲ārāt i Bīnis̲h̲; Ṣubḥ i waṭan pp. 65–8; Ḥadīqat al-marām p. 4; S̲h̲amʿ i anjuman p. 145; Raḥmān ʿAlī p. 21; Brockelmann Sptbd. ii p. 854.]

§ 1382. Imām al-Dīn K̲h̲ān b. G̲h̲ulām-Ḥusain K̲h̲ān b. G̲h̲ulām-Gīlānī K̲h̲ān was a dependent of M. Amīr K̲h̲ān [Nawwāb of Tōnk 1817–34: cf. no. 898 supra].

Majmaʿ al-karāmat (sing.), a life of S̲h̲āh Dargāhī Naqs̲h̲bandī,¹⁷³ of Rāmpūr: Nad̲h̲īr Aḥmad 91 (ah 1236/1820–1. Ḥāfiẓ Aḥmad ʿAlī K̲h̲ān’s library, Rāmpūr).

§ 1383. Niẓām al-Dīn Balk̲h̲ī Mazārī b. Mīr M.ʿAzīz Anṣārī Mutawallī¹⁷⁴ was born on 1 Ramaḍān 1195/21 August 1781. At Balk̲h̲ in 1213/1798–9 he met for the first time S̲h̲āh Faḍl i Aḥmad Maʿṣūmī, a Naqs̲h̲bandī s̲h̲aik̲h̲, one of whose ¶ k̲h̲ulafāʾ he subsequently became. Among his writings were a dīwān and a biographical work entitled Aḥsan al-tawārīk̲h̲ fī d̲h̲ikr al-ʿulamāʾ wa-’l-fuqarāʾ wa-’l-mas̲h̲āyik̲h̲. No copies of these works seem to be recorded. His Tuḥfat al-murs̲h̲id was completed at Balk̲h̲ in S̲h̲awwāl 1240/May-June 1825.

Tuḥfat al-murs̲h̲id, on the life, sayings and devotional practices of S̲h̲āh Faḍl i Aḥmad Maʿṣūmī, known as Ḥaḍrat-jīw¹⁷⁵ Ṣāḥib, who was born in 1151/1738–9 and died at Peshawar in 1231/1815–16 or 1232/1816–17. Edition: Lahore[1912*].

[Autobiography in Tuḥfat al-murs̲h̲id, pp. 175–84.]

§ 1384. M. Abū ’l-Ḥayāt Qādirī P’hulwārī¹⁷⁶ Bihārī wrote the Tad̲h̲kirat al-kirām in 1249/1833–4.

Tad̲h̲kirat al-kirām, biographies of forty-five Bihārī s̲h̲aik̲h̲s, mostly of the 18th and early 19th century, the first being M. Wārit̲h̲ Rasūl-numā (b. 1084/1673, d. 1166/1753), the thirty-fifth M. ʿAlī Akbar (d. 1247/1832) and the last Burhān al-Dīn (d. 1107/1696): Ivanow 1st Suppt. 772 (19th cent.), Bānkīpūr Suppt. i 1783 (19th cent.).

Edition: Lucknow[1880°].

Lists of the biographies: (1) Ivanow 1st Suppt. pp. 12–13, (2) Bānkīpūr Suppt. i pp. 46–7.

§ 1385. Āqā Taqī, of K̲h̲ōy, the author of the Ādāb al-musāfirīn, is doubtless identical with Taqī b. M., who in the Dānis̲h̲mandān i Ād̲h̲arbāyjān (p. 87) is described as one of the well known ʿurafāʾ of K̲h̲ōy and is there stated to have written at S̲h̲īrāz in 1257/1841 a metrical commentary entitled Nuqṭah i asrār in about two thousand verses on the first verse of Rūmī’s Mat̲h̲nawī.

Ādāb al-musāfirīn, notices of Ṣūfī saints: Browne Suppt. 7 (a.h. 1256/1840–1).

§ 1386. For the Riyāḍ al-ʿārifīn, completed by Riḍā-Qulī K̲h̲ān “Hidāyat” in 1260/1844 and devoted to notices of saints who were also poets, see no. 1225 (19) supra.

§ 1387. The author of the Mak̲h̲zan i Aḥmadī was “Sayyid Muḥammad ʿAlî” according to the Bānkīpūr Catalogue, “Muhammad ʿAlī, called¹⁷⁷ ʿAlī” according to ¶ the Catalogue of Persian printed books in the British Museum. “A faithful disciple of Aḥmad S̲h̲âh,” he “spent most of his time in the company of his Pîr”.¹⁷⁸

Mak̲h̲zan i Aḥmadī, completed in 1261/1845 and dedicated to Wazīr al-Daulah,¹⁷⁹ a life of S. Aḥmad S̲h̲āh¹⁸⁰ from his birth at Rāy ¶ Barēlī¹⁸¹ in Ṣafar¹⁸² 1201/Nov.-Dec. 1786 to his return thither from Mecca in 1239/1823: Bānkīpūr xvi 1415 (ah 1263/1847).

Edition: Āgrah 1299/1882°.

§ 1388. Miyāṅ K̲h̲air Muḥammad Muns̲h̲ī̲, by whom the ms. referred to below is signed at the end, may be the author of the biography.

(Aḥwāl i S̲h̲āh Gul¹⁸³ Imām C̲h̲ū¹⁸⁴ walad i Saiyid Aḥmad ʿAlī S̲h̲āh C̲h̲ū) (beg. S̲h̲āh-ṣāḥib S. A. ʿA. S̲h̲āh C̲h̲ū walad i S̲h̲āh Fatḥ Nūr S̲h̲āh), a notice of S̲h̲āh Gul Imām, a Saiyid and faqīr of great sanctity, who settled at Ūc̲h̲h (now in the state of Bahāwalpūr) and in Samwat 1810 (ad 1754) erected various buildings there, together with an account of his family extending to the death of his successor, S. Gul M. S̲h̲āh, in 1209/1794–5: Rieu iii 977a (foll. 9. ah 1267/1850).

§ 1389. ʿAbd al-ʿAlīm Naṣr Allāh K̲h̲ān Aḥmadī K̲h̲wēs̲h̲gī K̲h̲ūrjawī, who died in 1299/1881, has already been mentioned as the author of the Tārīk̲h̲ i Dakan (no. 1043 supra) and the Guls̲h̲an i hamīs̲h̲ah-bahār (no. 1219).

Bayāḍ i dil-gus̲h̲ā (probably intended to be a chronogram for 1268/1851–2 (though actually amounting to 1168), like four alternative titles (e.g. Maʿlūmāt i K̲h̲wājagān), which do in fact come to 1268), a detailed biography of the author’s pīr, S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-ʿAlīm (b. Āk̲h̲ūnd Jān Muḥammad, B. i d.-g. p. 21^s) Lōhārawī¹⁸⁵ (d. 13 Muḥarram 1266/29 Nov. 1849: see B. i d.-g. p. 219 antepenult.) with shorter accounts of the latter’s pīr, S̲h̲āh Iḥsān-ʿAlī Pāk-Pattanī, and of Ṣūfīs associated with them.

Edition: Kōl [i.e. ʿAlīgaṛh. Probably a.h. 1268/1851–2 or 1269/1852–3].¹⁸⁶

¶ § 1390. Faḍl Allāh b. S̲h̲aik̲h̲ al-Mulūk enjoyed the patronage of Mīr Ṭahmāsp b. Daulat-S̲h̲āh b. Fatḥ-ʿAlī S̲h̲āh, Governor of Fārs. Shortly after reaching S̲h̲īrāz from ʿIrāq in 1272/1855–6 he wrote his Ḍiyāʾ al-ʿārifīn.

Ḍiyāʾ al-ʿārifīn, on the lives and sayings of 96 ʿurafāʾ who flourished in the first four centuries of Islām: Rieu Suppt. 102.

§ 1391. Muftī M. G̲h̲ulām-Sarwar b. Muftī G̲h̲ulām-Muḥammad b. Muftī Raḥīm Allāh Qurais̲h̲ī Asadī al-Hās̲h̲imī al-Lāhaurī wrote the Urdu works Guldastah i karāmāt, on the life of ʿAbd al-Qādir Jīlānī (Delhi 1867*, Lucknow 1875*, Lahore 1878*), Ak̲h̲lāq i Sarwarī (Lahore 1288/1871°*, Lucknow 1878°), Mak̲h̲zan i ḥikmat, moral tales and sayings (Lahore 1871°* [Lucknow] 1878°), Dīwān i Sarwarī, verses in praise of ʿAbd al-Qādir Jīlānī (Lahore 1872°*, 1873*, 1292/1876°), Naʿt i Sarwarī, verses in praise of Muḥammad (Lahore 1290/1873°*, 1877*, Lucknow 1878°, 1880°), Guls̲h̲an i Sarwarī, ethics in verse (Lahore 1874*, Lucknow 1295/1878°), Ḥadīqat al-auliyāʾ (Lahore 1875*, Cawnpore 1877*, 1889*), Bahāristān i tārīk̲h̲ or Gulzār i s̲h̲āhī, a history of India followed by a sketch of English history (Lucknow 1877°*), Tārīk̲h̲ i Mak̲h̲zan i Panjāb, a gazetteer of the Panjāb (Lucknow 1877°*), Zubdat al-lug̲h̲āt or Lug̲h̲āt i Sarwarī, a dictionary of Arabic, Persian and other foreign words explained in Urdu (Lucknow 1294/1877°*), and Dīwān i ḥamd i Īzadī (Lucknow 1881°).

(1)

K̲h̲azīnat al-aṣfiyāʾ (a chronogram = 1280), biographical notices of saints begun in 1280/1863–4, completed in 1281/1864–5 (but with some later additions) and divided into seven mak̲h̲zans ((1) the Prophet, the first four Caliphs and the Imāms, not only the Twelve but also Abū Ḥanīfah, Mālik, Abū Yūsuf, S̲h̲aibānī, S̲h̲āfiʿī and Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, vol. i p. 4,¹⁸⁷ (2) Qādirīs, vol. i p. 76, (3) C̲h̲is̲h̲tīs, vol. i p. 222, (4) Naqs̲h̲bandīs, vol. i p. 516, (5) Suhrawardīs, vol. ii p. 2, (6) miscellaneous orders, vol. ii p. 118, (7) in four ḥiṣṣahs (a) the Prophet’s wives, vol. ii p. 397, (b) his daughters, vol. ii p. 404, (c) saintly women, vol. ii p. 406, (d) deranged saints (majānīn u majād̲h̲īb), vol. ii p. 428).

Editions: Lahore 1284/1867–8 (pp. 1072, 18. See jasb. xxxix, pt. 1 (1870), p. 274 n.); Lucknow (T̲h̲amar i Hind Pr.) 1873*; Cawnpore (N.K.) 1312/1894*; 1902°; 1914‡.

(2)

Ganjīnah i Sarwarī, or, chronogrammatically, Ganj i tārīk̲h̲ (= 1284), chronograms for the birth and death of famous Muslims.

Editions: Lahore 1285/1868*, Lucknow (N.K.) 1877°*, 1307/1889*.

¶ § 1392. M. Ḥusain b. M. Masʿūd C̲h̲is̲h̲tī Ṣābirī¹⁸⁸ Quddūsī¹⁸⁹ Murādābādī, a disciple of S. Amānat ʿAlī Ḥusainī C̲h̲is̲h̲tī,¹⁹⁰ completed his Anwār al-ʿārifīn in 1286/1870.

Anwār al-ʿārifīn, lives of numerous ancient and modern saints, especially of the C̲h̲is̲h̲tī, Qādirī and Naqs̲h̲bandī orders, including a number buried at Murādābād. Editions: Barēlī (“Bareilly”) 1290/1873*, Lucknow 1876°*.

§ 1393. G̲h̲ulām-Muḥammad K̲h̲ān Jhajjarī became a disciple of K̲h̲wājah M. Sulaimān C̲h̲is̲h̲tī Taunsawī¹⁹¹ in 1255/1839.

Manāqib i Sulaimānī, a life of K̲h̲wājah M. Sulaimān C̲h̲is̲h̲tī Taunsawī, written in 1255/1839–40, with a continuation (takmilah) to the time of the saint’s death, written in 1287/1870–1.

Editions: Delhi [1871*], Jhajjar 1897†.

§ 1394. Ḥāfiẓ Aḥmad Yār, a resident of Pākpattan, wrote a biography of K̲h̲wājah M. Sulaimān Taunsawī (cf. no. 1393 1st par. supra) entitled Manāqib i Sulaimānīyah¹⁹² An abridgement of this, containing some additional information but devoted mainly to the saint’s utterances (malfūẓāt), was made by Yār-Muḥammad b. Tāj-Muḥammad, who was himself one of the saint’s associates.

Intik̲h̲āb i Manāqib i Sulaimānīyah. Edition: Lahore 1325/1907°*.

§ 1395. Aḥmad ʿAlī K̲h̲airābādī was a disciple of S̲h̲āh Sulaimān Taunsawī (for whom see no. 1393 1st par. supra).

¶ Qaṣr i ʿārifān, notices of C̲h̲is̲h̲tī, Qādirī, Suhrawardī and Naqs̲h̲bandī saints to the time of S̲h̲āh Sulaimān Taunsawī: Lahore Panjab Univ. Lib. (ah 1291/1874, copied from an autograph. See ocm. iii/1 p. 73).

§ 1396. Najm al-Dīn Nāgaurī is mentioned among the k̲h̲ulafāʾ of K̲h̲wājah M. Sulaimān Taunsawī (for whom see no. 1393 1st par. supra) on p. 84 of G̲h̲ulām-Muḥammad K̲h̲ān’s Manāqib i Sulaimānī, where he is called Najm al-Dīn Jhunjhunuwī and described as a descendant of Sulṭān al-tārikīn Ḥamīd al-Dīn Nāgaurī (for whom see no. 9, 4th par. supra) resident at Jhunjhunū¹⁹³

Manāqib al-maḥbūbain, lives of Nūr-Muḥammad Mahārawī,¹⁹⁴ his k̲h̲alīfah, S̲h̲āh Sulaimān Taunsawī, and other C̲h̲is̲h̲tī saints, followed by a short life of the author. Editions: [Rāmpūr, 1890?°], Lahore 1312/1895°.

§ 1397. S̲h̲āh Ḍiyāʾ Allāh Fak̲h̲rī Qādirī Ḥanafī died in 1292/1875–6 and was buried at Lahore.

Maktūb i Ḍiyāʾī (a chronogram = 1289/1872–3), or, as on the title-page but not in the preface, Nasab-nāmah i kalān, pedigrees of the Prophet and of fourteen Ṣūfī “families” with short biographical notes, followed by an account of the seventy-two Islāmic sects derived from the G̲h̲unyat al-ṭālibīn of ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī (cf. Brockelmann i p. 435). Editions: Lahore 1289/1872°, 1293/1876*, 1296/1879*, 1309/1891°.

§ 1398. Maulawī Abū Muḥammad Ḥasan “S̲h̲iʿrī” Qādirī b. Ṣadr al-Dīn M., or K̲h̲wājah Ḥasan Kaul [or Kōl ?] “S̲h̲iʿrī”, as he is called in the Taḥāʾif al-abrār, was a Kas̲h̲mīrī but spent most of his life as a trader in the Panjāb and Hindūstān. He died in 1298/1881 and was buried at Amritsar. He is the author of (1) a dīwān entitled Dīwān i S̲h̲iʿrī or Mīrʾāt al-k̲h̲ayāl (Edition: Amritsar 1304/1887°), (2) a cosmography entitled Zubdat al-ak̲h̲bār (Edition: Amritsar 1282/1865°) and (3) a metrical C̲h̲ār darwīs̲h̲.

¶ Gulzār i K̲h̲alīl, a life of the Kas̲h̲mīrī saint K̲h̲wājah M. K̲h̲alīl b. ʿAbd al-G̲h̲afūr Qādirī (b. 1175/1761, d. 1242/1827) followed by an account of the author’s ancestors, completed in 1290/1873. Edition: Lahore 1291/1874*.

[Gulzār i K̲h̲alīl pp. 35–6; Taḥāʾif al-abrār p. 351.]

§ 1399. Maulawī S̲h̲āh Taqī ʿAlī Qalandar Kākōrawī was the younger son of S̲h̲āh Turāb ʿAlī Qalandar Kākōrawī (for whom see no. 1378 supra). He was born in 1213/1798–9 and after a life devoted to teaching at Kākōrī died on 17 Rajab 1290/10 September 1873.

al-Rauḍ al-azhar fī maʾāt̲h̲ir al-Qalandar, or Laṭāʾif al-ad̲h̲kār fī manāqib ʿumdat al-ak̲h̲yār, a detailed biography of the author’s father, S̲h̲āh Turāb ʿAlī, with some account of his spiritual ancestors, the Qalandarī order and other matters, divided into a muqaddimah (in three faṣls, of which the third is dar taʿrīf i ahl i sulūk az firaq i Ṣūfīyah i Malāmatīyah u ḥikāyāt u kalimāt u iṣṭilāhātas̲h̲ān) and ten laṭīfahs ((1) on the Prophet, his parents, ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib etc., (2) on the meaning of the word qalandar, etc., biography of ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Makkī, (3) biographies of ten s̲h̲aik̲h̲s from K̲h̲iḍr Rūmī to Bāsiṭ ʿAlī Ilāhābādī [the same ten as in the Uṣūl al-maqṣūd, no. 1378 (2) supra], (4) biographies of Masʿūd ʿAlī Ilāhābādī and the author’s grandfather M. Kāẓim (cf. no. 1378, 1st par., end), (5) on S̲h̲āh Turāb ʿAlī and his ʿAlawī pedigree, M. b. al-Ḥanafīyah, the meaning of the expression Āl i Nabī, etc., (6) dar d̲h̲ikr i mabādī i ḥāl i ān-ḥaḍrat, (7) dar bayān i maslak i ḥaḍrat i īs̲h̲ān dar uṣūl wa-g̲h̲air i ān, (8) dar d̲h̲ikr i maslak i ḥaḍrat i walī-niʿmat dar taʾabbud u tanassuk etc., (9) dar d̲h̲ikr i samāʿ i g̲h̲inā, and (10) [supplied after the author’s death by ʿAlī Anwar Qalandar] dar bayān i ʿis̲h̲q u maḥabbat). Edition: Rāmpūr and Lucknow 1331–6/1913–18[-19*] (with an introduction, Mawāhib al-qalandar li-man yuṭāliʿ al-Rauḍ al-azhar, on the life of Taqī ʿAlī etc., completed in 1333/1915 by S̲h̲āh Ḥabīb Ḥaidar Qalandar, and a continuation, Ḥauḍ al-Kaut̲h̲ar fī takmilat Rauḍ [sic] al-azhar, completed in 1291/1874 by ʿAlī Anwar Qalandar).

[Mawāhib al-qalandar p. 11 ult.-22; al-Rauḍ al-azhar pp. 707 ff.; Raḥmān ʿAlī p. 37.]

§ 1400. ʿAlī Anwar Qalandar b. ʿAlī Akbar b. Ḥaidar ʿAlī, who was born in 1269/1853, completed in 1291/1874 the Ḥauḍ al-Kaut̲h̲ar fī takmilat Rauḍ [sic] al-azhar, which has been mentioned above (no. 1399 2nd par., end).

(1)

Intiṣāḥ ʿan d̲h̲ikr ahl al-ṣalāḥ, biographies of famous Ṣūfīs with some account of the Ṣūfī orders: [Lahore] Majmaʿ al-ʿulūm Pr. [1877*] (pp. 120); ¶ Lucknow 1327/1910* (with a continuation (p. 164 onwards) entitled al-Īḍāḥ fī tatimmat al-Intiṣāḥ by M. Ḥabīb Ḥaidar. Pp. 214).

(2)

Taḥrīr al-Anwar fī tafsīr al-Qalandar, an account of the Qalandars: [Lucknow] ʿAlawī Pr. 1290/1873°* (pp. 32).

[Mawāhib al-qalandar (cf. no. 1399, last par. supra) pp. 20 ult., 22.]

§ 1401. Maulawī Walī Allāh b. Mullā Ḥabīb Allāh b. Mullā Muḥibb Allāh Anṣārī Lak’hnawī Farangī-Maḥallī, one of the well-known family of ʿulamāʾ who have taught for several generations at Farangī Maḥall,¹⁹⁵ Lucknow, died on 10 Ṣafar 1270/12 November 1853. Among his works were ʿUmdat al-wasāʾil, on the manāqib of the saint S. ʿAbd al-Razzāq Bānsawī (cf. no. 1347 2nd par. supra), a commentary on the Qurʾān entitled Maʿdin al-jawāhir, as well as commentaries and ḥawās̲h̲ī on several standard text-books.

al-Ag̲h̲ṣān al-arbaʿah li-l-s̲h̲ajarat al-ṭaiyibah, a life of the saintly Mullā Aḥmad Anwār al-Ḥaqq Farangī-Maḥallī¹⁹⁶ and other descendants of the celebrated teacher Quṭb al-Dīn Sihālawī,¹⁹⁷ the ancestor of the ʿulamāʾ of Farangī Maḥall, Lucknow, in a muqaddimah (on the genealogy of Quṭb al-Dīn) and four aṣls devoted to the lives and descendants of Quṭb al-Dīn’s four sons,¹⁹⁸ with additions by the author’s son, M. Inʿām Allāh, Deputy Collector, bringing the information down to 1296/1879.

Edition: Lucknow 1298/1881*.

[Raḥmān ʿAlī p. 252; Alṭāf al-Raḥmān Aḥwāl i ʿulamāʾ i Farangī Maḥall (in Urdu), Lucknow [1907*], p. 80.]

§ 1402. Ḥājjī Mullā M. Bāqir b. M. Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm b. M. Bāqir Māzandarānī Kujūrī (aṣl^an) Ṭihrānī (maulid^an wa-maskin^an).

¶ Jannat al-naʿīm wa-’l-ʿais̲h̲ al-salīm fī aḥwāl Maulānā ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm (so in the Arabic preface p. 3 ult., but J. al-n. fī a. ʿA. al-ʿA. ʿalaihi ’l-salām wa-’l-takrīm, in the Persian preface p. 10²), an account, written in 1296/1879 (see p. 6¹⁵), of the Imām-zādah ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥasanī (b. ʿAlī b. Ḥasan b. Zaid b. Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib. Cf. J. al-n. p. 479 antepenult.; Rauḍāt al-jannāt p. 356; Muntahā ’l-maqāl p. 179; etc.), who is said to have died at Raiy about ah 250/864 and whose shrine is at the place called after him S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm, five or six miles south of Ṭihrān (cf. Browne A year amongst the Persians pp. 82, 158–61, etc.), together with notices of his ancestors and of some holy, learned or pious persons buried near Ṭihrān.

Edition: [Ṭihrān] 1296–8/1879–81* (pp. 548. Portrait of the author at end).

§ 1403. G̲h̲ulām-Naqī b. M. Fatḥ-ʿAlī Bilgrāmī C̲h̲is̲h̲tī Ṣābirī¹⁹⁹ was born on 17 Ramaḍān 1231/11 August 1816.

Manbahāt [Munabbihāt ?] fī ʿilm al-amwāt, biographies of well-known Indian saints, chiefly C̲h̲is̲h̲tīs, and of a few poets, princes and noblemen, completed at the Jāmiʿ Masjid Madrasah, Ḥaidarābād, in 1298/1881: Ivanow Curzon 84 (autograph ?).

§ 1404. Amīn Aḥmad “T̲h̲abāt” Firdausī.

(1)

Gul i bihis̲h̲tī, a metrical account of some C̲h̲is̲h̲tī saints: [Lucknow] 1881° (242 pp.).

(2)

Gul i firdaus, a metrical biography of S̲h̲araf al-Dīn Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā Munyarī,²⁰⁰ with interwoven notices of other C̲h̲is̲h̲tī saints: Lucknow 1884° (266 pp.).

(3)

¶ Rauḍat al-naʿīm, metrical biographies of ʿAbd al-Qādir Jīlānī and other saints: S̲h̲araf al-ak̲h̲bār Pr. [Lucknow ?] 1301/1883–4*.

§ 1405. M. Ḍiyāʾ al-Raḥmān S̲h̲āhqulīpūrī was a disciple of S. S̲h̲āh ʿAlī ʿAbd al-Qādir S̲h̲ams al-Qādirī called Murs̲h̲id ʿAlī Qādirī Bag̲h̲dādī (aṣl^an) Mēdnīpūrī (maulid^an), who was himself (see p. 13, 1. 7 from foot) a disciple of S. Ṭufail ʿAlī Qādirī Razzāqī D̲h̲ākirī (d. 1251/1836: see p. 187³), the nephew (birādar-zādah, p. 152⁸), son-in-law and successor of S. S̲h̲āh D̲h̲ākir ʿAlī.

Mud̲h̲ākarah i Quṭb al-ʿālamīn, or Madārij i sanīyah i D̲h̲ākirīyah, or Ad̲h̲kār i baiyinah i Qādirīyah (all chronograms = 1309/1891–2), a life of S. S̲h̲āh Abū ’l-Ḥasan M. D̲h̲ākir ʿAlī Qādirī Razzāqī Bag̲h̲dādī, called G̲h̲aut̲h̲ i T̲h̲ānī, a son of S. S̲h̲āh Abū M. ʿAbd Allāh al-Qādirī al-Bag̲h̲dādī and a descendant of ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī, who was born at Bag̲h̲dād in 1111/1699–1700 (see p. 193), migrated to India in 1180/1766–7, settled at Mangalkōṭ, north of Bardwān in Bengal, and died there in 1192/1778, based on the Risālah i D̲h̲ākirīyah (a chronogram = 1232/1817) of an unnamed disciple of the s̲h̲aik̲h̲: Cawnpore (Aḥmadī Press) 1310/1893‡.

§ 1406. Qāḍī S. Imām al-Dīn Ḥasan K̲h̲ān, Deputy Collector at Ajmēr, may be presumed to have written his Muʿīn al-auliyāʾ shortly before publication.

¶ Muʿīn al-auliyāʾ, a life of Muʿīn al-Dīn Chis̲h̲tī Ajmērī,²⁰¹ his successors and his spiritual descendants: Ajmēr [1894°. Pp. 308].²⁰²

§ 1407. Ṣāḥib-zādah M. Ḥasan b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Mujaddidī Naqs̲h̲bandī, a descendant of Aḥmad Sirhindī (for whom see no. 1316 (1) 1st footnote supra), was resident at Amritsar in 1910.

Anīs al-murīdīn, a life of the author’s father, Pīr ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAbd al-Qaiyūm (b. 1244/1828–9, d. 1315/1897), written in 1316/1898–9. Edition: Amritsar 1328/1910*.

§ 1408. Maʿṣūm ʿAlī b. Raḥmat-ʿAlī Niʿmat-Allāhī al-S̲h̲īrāzī (see Ṭarāʾiq al-ḥaqāʾiq, author’s preface, 1. 2), or Āqā-yi Ḥājjī Mīrzā Maʿṣūm²⁰³ Nāʾib al-Ṣadr, as “Furūg̲h̲ī” calls him in his prefixed taqrīẓ (so also on the title-page of Vol i), or al-Ḥājj Maʿṣūm ʿAlī S̲h̲āh al-Niʿmat-Allāhī al-S̲h̲īrāzī, as he is called on the other title-pages, was the son of Ḥājjī Zain al-ʿĀbidīn known as (maʿrūf bi-) Ḥājjī Mīrzā Kūc̲h̲ak Nāʾib al-Ṣadr and surnamed (mulaqqab bi-) Raḥmat-ʿAlī S̲h̲āh (see “Furūg̲h̲ī’s” taqrīẓ p. 5⁸). He was born at S̲h̲īrāz on 14 Rabīʿ al-Awwal 1270/15 Dec. 1853. In the course of extensive travels he visited various parts of Persia, ʿIrāq, India, Turkistān and Turkey, meeting numerous men of learning and piety. His visit to Mecca and al-Madīnah he described in a safar-nāmah entitled Tuḥfat al-Ḥaramain.

Ṭarāʾiq al-ḥaqāʾiq, biographical notices of saints and mystics completed at Ṭihrān in Ṣafar 1318/1900 and divided into a muqaddimah (on Ṣūfism, etc.), six waṣls (1) companions of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, vol. ii pp. 2–27, (2) the silsilah of Ḥasan i Baṣrī, vol. ii pp. 27–39, (3) the silsilah of Kumail b. Ziyād, vol. ii pp. 39–51, (4) the silsilah of Ibrāhīm b. Adham, vol. ii pp. 51–68, (5) the silsilah of Bāyazīd i Bisṭāmī, vol. ii pp. 68–114, (6) the silsilah of Maʿrūf i Kark̲h̲ī and its fourteen branches including the Niʿmat-Allāhī s̲h̲aik̲h̲s, whose biographies are the primary concern of the work, vol. ii pp. 114–311, vol. iii pp. 2–220) and a k̲h̲ātimah (an account of the author and some of his contemporaries, vol. iii pp. 220–354).

Edition: Ṭihrān 1316–19/1898–1901‡ (cf. Mas̲h̲had iii p. 137).

[Autobiography in k̲h̲ātimah to Ṭarāʾiq al-ḥaqāʾiq: taqrīẓ by M. Ḥusain “Furūg̲h̲ī” Iṣfahānī prefixed to vol. i: portrait following the taqrīẓ.]

¶ § 1409. Ḥājjī Abū Muḥammad Muḥyī ’l-Dīn “Miskīn” b. Mullā M. S̲h̲āh Aḥmadī Kubrawī Ḥanafī Naqs̲h̲bandī was born in 1282/1865–6. He was a pupil of Ḥajjī M. Yaḥyā, whom he accompanied in 1307/1889–90 on a pilgrimage to Mecca. In 1309/1891–2 he wrote a work entitled ʿAin al-jārī s̲h̲arḥ Arbaʿīn al-Qārī. When he wrote the preface to his Taḥāʾif al-abrār he was resident in the district of Amīrākadal.

Taḥāʾif al-abrār [so in the author’s preface, but on the title-page Tārīk̲h̲ i kabīr i Kas̲h̲mīr al-mausūm bah T. al. a. fī d̲h̲ikr al-auliyāʾ al-ak̲h̲yār], a mainly biographical work on Kas̲h̲mīr begun in 1310/1892–3, completed in 1321/1903–4 and divided into ten taḥāʾif ((1) Saiyids, (2) rīs̲h̲īs, i.e. anchorites [cf. no. 1312 supra], (3) mas̲h̲āyik̲h̲ u ṣāliḥān, (4) scholars, (5) majd̲h̲ūbān, (6) poets, (7) sacred relics, (8) sulṭāns, (9) geography, (10) on the permissibility of certain foods and drugs).

Edition: Amritsar 1321–2/1905°* (only the first seven taḥāʾif, being the first of the two volumes).

[Taḥāʾif al-abrār pp. 363–4.]

§ 1410. Maulawī S. M. Amīr Ḥasan Madārī Fanṣūrī²⁰⁴ b. Saiyid S̲h̲āh Āk̲h̲ūn is described on the title-page of the Tad̲h̲kirat al-muttaqīn as a (still-living) raʾīs of Makanpūr²⁰⁵

Tad̲h̲kirat al-muttaqīn (the title-page adds fī aḥwāl k̲h̲ulafāʾ Saiyid Badīʿ al-Dīn), biographies of S̲h̲āh Madār (for whom see no. 1329 (6) 2nd footnote supra), his k̲h̲ulafāʾ and prominent members of his order down to the author’s time. Edition: Cawnpore 1315/1898* (vol. i) and 1322–3/1905* (vol. ii).

§ 1411. Appendix

(1)

Ad̲h̲kār al-ad̲h̲kiyāʾ fī bayān manāqib mas̲h̲āyik̲h̲ al-ṭuruq (beg.: Aʿlāʾ i ajnās i ḥamd u sipās): Cairo p. 498 (ah 1126/1714).

(2)

(Aḥwāl Ibn al-K̲h̲afīf), an Arabic biography of Abū ʿAbd Allāh M. b. al-K̲h̲afīf al-S̲h̲īrāzī,²⁰⁶ by his pupil Abū ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. M. al-Dailamī (cf. ¶ Brockelmann Sptbd. i p. 359 and R. Walzer in jras 1939 pp. 407–22): no mss. recorded.

Persian translation in thirteen bābs prepared by Rukn al-Dīn Yaḥyā b. Burhān al-Dīn b. Junaid at the request of an unnamed Atābak described as Atābak i sāʿīd i marḥūm i s̲h̲ahīd: Berlin 605 (breaks off in Bāb x. 62 foll. Old), Köprülü 1589 foll. 379a–406b.

Extracts: Massignon Recueil de textes inédits p. 81.

(3)

Aḥwāl u aqwāl i ḥaḍrat i Saiyidnā ʿAbd al-Qādir i Jīlānī: Āṣafīyah i p. 396 no. 876 (ah 1232/1816–17).

(4)

Anecdotes of saints in the first three Islāmic centuries (beginning: al-Ḥ. l. R. al-ʿā…. T̲h̲anā u sitāyis̲h̲ mar K̲h̲uday rā kih āfrīdgār i jahānast u āfrīdgār i hamah i jānwarān ast) divided according to subject into twenty bābs (I. Andar k̲h̲wurdan i ḥalāl, etc.) and written apparently in the fifth/eleventh century: Rieu Suppt. 393 (defective at end. 13th cent.).

(5)

(Ansāb i mas̲h̲āyik̲h̲ i Kas̲h̲mīr), genealogical tables and chains of spiritual succession relating to prophets and other holy persons, especially Kas̲h̲mīrī saints, with occasional dates (of which 1101/1690 and 1128/1716 seem to be the latest): Ivanow Curzon 79 (3).

(6)

Anwār al-Raḥmān li-tanwīr al-janān, the life and teachings of S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, by M. Nūr Allāh. Edition: Lucknow 1321/1903°*.

(7)

Aʿrās i buzurgān (beginning, without preface, S̲h̲ahr i Rabīʿ al-Awwal 1.Wafāt yāft Saiyid al-Mursalīn) the Persian version of an Arabic obituary calendar relating to holy persons from the first Islāmic century onwards, especially to members of the Bā-ʿAlawī family (about whom particulars are given mainly on the authority of ʿIqd al-jawāhir wa-’l-durar (Brockelmann ii p. 383, Sptbd. ii p. 516), al-Nūr al-sāfir (Brockelmann ii p. 419, Sptbd. ii p. 617) and similar works), composed evidently in India²⁰⁷ and doubtless soon after 1160/1747 (the date of the latest death recorded, that of S. M. b. Ḥāmid b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAlī Bā-ʿAlawī, of Malabar, p. 34, 27th Rajab) apparently by a son of S. S̲h̲aik̲h̲ b. ʿAlawī b. ʿAbd Allāh Bā-ʿAbbūd Bā-ʿAlawī (who on p. 28 is called al-Saiyid al-jalīl al-ʿallāmah al-wālid²⁰⁸), probably S. ʿAlawī b. S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Bā-ʿAbbūd Bā-ʿAlawī, who is mentioned on p. 74 ult. as the author of the preceding biography and whose name ¶ occurs also on pp. 7⁹ and 34⁷ (as the subject of statements in the third person, however).

Edition: The Á’aras-i-bozorgán, being an obituary of pious and learned Moslims from the beginning of Islám to the middle of the twelfth century of the Hijrah. Edited [from a MS., containing also, it seems, the Arabic original, in the Library of the College of Fort William]²⁰⁹ by W. Nassau Lees, and Mawlawi Kabir al-Dín Ahmad. Published by W. N. Lees. [Calcutta] 1855°* (pp. 91).

(8)

Asrār al-mas̲h̲āyik̲h̲, by Bahāʾ al-Dīn b. Maḥmūd b. Mak̲h̲dūm Qāḍī Ḥamīd al-Dīn Nāgaurī²¹⁰ al-maʿrūf bah Rājah: Āṣafīyah iii p. 362 no. 192 (ah 1077/1666–7).

(9)

Badāʾiʿ al-āt̲h̲ār, an account of the visit of ʿAbd al-Bahāʾ to the United States in 1912, by Maḥmūd Zarqānī: Bombay 1332/1914°* (Vol i only ?).

(10)

Bhagat-māl: see Bhakta-māla.

(11)

Bhagat-nāmah: see Bhakta-māla.

(12)

Bhakta-māla, translations of Nābhājī’s Hindī biographies of Vaishnava saints, (1) Srī Bhagat-māl, with introduction, marginal notes, and glossary, Meerut 1269/1853* (pp. 12, 6, 468,50), (2) Gangā-sāgar ʿurf Bhagat-nāmah, a metrical translation by Nat’han Lāl from Tulasī-Rāma’s Urdu version, Delhi 1897° (18 pts.).

(13)

Dār al-asrār fī k̲h̲awāriq Badīʿ al-Dīn S̲h̲āh Madār:²¹¹ Peshawar 1957 (9).

(14)

D̲h̲ikr i K̲h̲wājah ʿAbd al-K̲h̲āliq i G̲h̲ujduwānī:²¹² Leyden v p. 232 no. 2641 (22 foll. ah 900/1494–5).

The same saint, who died in 575/1179–80, is the subject of Rieu ii 862a i (beginning Az ān s̲h̲aik̲h̲ i rabbānī. 18th cent.) and Ethé 1923 (1) (D̲h̲ikr i K̲h̲wājah i K̲h̲wājahā K̲h̲wājah i jahān ʿAbd al-K̲h̲āliq i G̲h̲ujduwānī, beginning Ān s̲h̲aik̲h̲ i ʿalā ’l-iṭlāq).

(15)

D̲h̲ikr i maqāmāt i Imām i Aʿẓam (i.e. presumably Abū Ḥanīfah): Āṣafīyah ii p. 1556 no. 44.

(16)

Ḍiyāʾ al-qulūb, “a treatise on Ṣūfī orders,” by Imdād Allāh Fārūqī: Delhi [1877 ?°*]; place ? 1914 (Āṣafīyah iii p. 200); and in the Kullīyāt i Imdādīyah, Cawnpore 1315/1898°, pp. 127–81.

(17)

¶ Durr al-dārain fī manāqib G̲h̲aut̲h̲ al-T̲h̲aqalain,²¹³ by S. G̲h̲ulām-ʿAlī Qādirī Mūsawī: Āṣafīyah iii p. 662 (author’s name given as ʿAlī al-Mūsawī).

Edition: place ? 1308/1890–1 (Āṣaf. ii p. 1556 nos. 16–17).

(18)

Gangā-sāgar: see Bhakta-māla.

(19)

Genealogies of S̲h̲īʿite and Ṣūfī families: Lindesiana p. 142 no. 789 (circ. ad 1750).

(20)

Ḥālāt i ḥaḍrat i S̲h̲āh Balāwal i Lāhaurī²¹⁴ (in Persian ?): no mss. recorded. Urdu translation: Urdū tar-jamah i kitāb i Ḥ. i ḥ. S̲h̲. B. L., Lahore [1923*].

(21)

Ḥālāt i Saiyid Muḥammad i Jaunpūrī, a life of S. M. b. S. Bud’h Uwaisī Jaunpūrī, who claimed to be the Mahdī, founded a sect in Gujrāt²¹⁵ and died in 910/1504–5:²¹⁶ Āṣafīyah ii p. 848 no. 34 (ah 1267/1850–1).

(22)

Mat̲h̲nawī i Ḥālāt i s̲h̲ahādat i Muḥammad G̲h̲aut̲h̲ Qādirī: Āṣafīyah i p. 468 no. 679 (ah 1240/1824–5).

(23)

Ḥālāt u karāmāt i ḥaḍrat i S̲h̲āh Ṣafī u S̲h̲āh Miyān u S̲h̲āh Ilhām-Allāh u S̲h̲āh Qudrat-Allāh, by S̲h̲āh Faiḍ Allāh: Āṣafīyah iii p. 196 no. 1454.

(24)

Risālah i ḥasab u nasab i ḥaḍrat i Ḥāfiẓ M. ʿAlī-S̲h̲āh K̲h̲airābādī,²¹⁷ an autobiography: Āṣafīyah iii p. 362 no. 208 (ah 1310/1892–3).

(25)

Risālah i ḥasab u nasab i Mak̲h̲dūm Abū ’l-Fatḥ b. S. Niẓām al-Dīn S̲h̲anūzānī (?) al-MLKI al-K̲h̲urāsānī, apparently an autobiography: Āṣafīyah iii p. 362 no. 208 (ah 1310/1892–3).

(26)

Ḥikāyāt al-ṣāliḥīn, anecdotes in twenty bābs each containing ten ḥikāyāt, by ʿUt̲h̲mān b. ʿUmar called Kahf: Ḥ. K̲h̲. iii p. 81 (beginning not quoted).

Arabic translation: Lahore 1298/1881° (pp. 108).

(27)

Ḥikāyāt i auliyā i ṣāliḥīn: Āṣafīyah i p. 416 no. 639.

(28)

¶ Intik̲h̲āb i tawārīk̲h̲ al-Ag̲h̲yār, notices of S. M. Jaunpūrī (see no. (21) above) and his followers (called G̲h̲air-mahdī by their enemies: see Ency. Religion and Ethics vi p. 189). Edition: place ? date ? (Peshawar no. 1549).

(29)

ʿIqd al-laʾāliʾ, on the life and merits of S̲h̲āh Abū ’l-Maʿālī,²¹⁸ by Maulawī Mus̲h̲tāq Aḥmad Ṣābirī:²¹⁹ Sād’haurah 1331/1913*.

(30)

Kanz al-ansāb, the genealogy of eminent saints and other famous men, by ʿAbd al-Razzāq ʿAṭā Ḥusain: Bombay 1883° (pp. 344).

(31)

Karāmāt al-auliyāʾ: Āṣafīyah i p. 460 nos. 706 (ah 1236/1820–1), 894.

(32)

Karāmāt i Qādir Walī, in verse, by M. Najīb b. Aḥmad ʿAlī. Edition: place ? 1267/1851 (Āṣafīyah ii p. 850).

(33)

K̲h̲ulāṣat al-ʿārifīn: Āṣafīyah i p. 416 (2 copies).

(34)

Lamʿat al-s̲h̲ams, a metrical account of S̲h̲ams al-Dīn [Tabrīzī ?] and of Niʿmat Allāh Walī (presumably N. A. W. Kirmānī. Cf. no. 1269 (1), footnote supra), by ?: Āṣafīyah ii p. 850 no. 50.

(35)

Maḥāmid i Ḥammādīyah, a life of S. S̲h̲āh G̲h̲ulām-Muḥammad Qādirī al-muk̲h̲āṭab min ʿind Rasūl Allāh bah Ḥammād i T̲h̲ānī, by Maulawī S. M. Burhān al-Dīn K̲h̲ān. Edition: place ? 1308/1890–1 (Āṣafīyah iii p. 202 no. 1494).

(36)

Majmūʿah i fawāʾid i ʿUt̲h̲mānī, life, letters, and sayings of M. ʿUt̲h̲mān Damānī, by M. Akbar ʿAlī S̲h̲āh Dihlawī: Delhi 1316/1899°.

(37)

Mak̲h̲zan i ʿirfānī, “the life, sayings and writings of the Peshawari saint S. Amīr called Ḥaḍrat-jī,” by Sulṭān M. Ajnālawī: Amritsar [1920*].

(38)

Malfūẓ i asrār al-mak̲h̲dūmīn, sayings of S̲h̲āh Karak Karawī and anecdotes concerning him, compiled by Karīm-Yār, Raʾīs of Yuhan: Fatḥpūr 1893°.

(39)

Malfūẓ i Razzāqī, the life and sayings of ʿAbd al-Razzāq Bānsawī (cf. no. 1347 2nd par. supra), by M. K̲h̲ān Razzāqī, edited by S. G̲h̲ulām-Jīlānī: Lucknow 1896°, [1905*].

(40)

Malfūẓāt i Ḥājjī Wārit̲h̲ ʿAlī S̲h̲āh, life and sayings of W. ʿA. S̲h̲., by K̲h̲udā-Bak̲h̲s̲h̲ “S̲h̲āʾiq”:²²⁰ Anwār i Muḥammadī Press [Lucknow] 1293/1876*.

(41)

Malfūẓāt i S̲h̲āh Mīnā: see Tuḥfat al-Saʿdīyah below.

(42)

Malfūẓāt i S̲h̲arīfī, life and sayings of S̲h̲arīf al-Dīn M. C̲h̲is̲h̲tī: Ambala 1917* (with preface by Mus̲h̲tāq Aḥmad C̲h̲is̲h̲tī).

(43)

¶ Manāqib al-aṣfiyāʾ, lives of famous saints, by S̲h̲āh S̲h̲uʿaib Firdausī: Calcutta 1895° (152 pp.).

(44)

Manāqib i Amīr Kulāl:²²¹ Peshawar 1003.

(45)

(Manāqib i auliyā i kirām), short lives of saints (Luqmān i Ḥakīm, Jaʿfar i Ṣādiq, Uwais i Qaranī, etc.): Berlin 589 (69 foll.).

(46)

Manāqib i G̲h̲aut̲h̲īyah,²²² Peshawar 1094 (1).

(47)

Manāqib i ḥaḍrat i S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Jīw K̲h̲unuk [?], by ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm: Āṣafīyah i p. 490 (ah 1177/1763–4).

(48)

Manāqib i Ḥāfiẓīyah, a life of M. ʿAlī K̲h̲airābādī,²²³ by G̲h̲ulām M. Hādī ʿAlī K̲h̲ān C̲h̲is̲h̲tī Kas̲h̲mīrī: Cawnpore 1305/1888° (256 pp.).

(49)

Manāqib i mazārāt i Buk̲h̲ārā-yi s̲h̲arīf: Leningrad Univ. 390 (Salemann-Rosen p. 17), possibly also Peshawar 999A (Risālah i mazārāt i Buk̲h̲ārā s̲h̲arīf).

(50)

Manāqib i Qādirīyah: Peshawar 995.

(51)

Maqāmāt i Amīr Kulāl:²²⁴ Ḥ. K̲h̲. vi p. 54, Lahore Panjāb Univ. Lib. (defective at end and disarranged. See Oriental College Magazine, vol. iii, no. 1 (Lahore, Nov. 1936) p. 70).

(52)

Maʿqūlāt [sic] i auliyāʾ Allāh, sayings and biographies of saints (beginning Wa-ʿan Abī ’l-Dardāʾ): Ethé 1895 (1).

(53)

Mazārāt i Buk̲h̲ārā: see Manāqib i mazārāt i Buk̲h̲ārā (no. 49 above).

(54)

Mis̲h̲kāt al-nubuwwah, an account of the saints of Ḥaidarābād, etc., by S. ʿAlī: Āṣafīyah iii p. 166 no. 194.

(55)

Muk̲h̲bir al-auliyāʾ, an account of C̲h̲is̲h̲tī and other saints, most of them buried at Aḥmadābād, by Ras̲h̲īd al-Dīn Maudūd Lālā [?] b. S̲h̲. Aḥmad C̲h̲is̲h̲tī al-Fārūqī b. S̲h̲. Ḥusām al-Dīn M. Farruk̲h̲ al-Ṣūfī al-C̲h̲is̲h̲tī, who was a native of Aḥmadābād and whose spiritual guide was S. M. Aḥsan al-Sijzī, the head of the C̲h̲is̲h̲tī order: Bombay Fyzee 14 (19th cent.).

(56)

Munājāt i K̲h̲ākī, a metrical Naqs̲h̲bandī pedigree, by Ḥakīm Qamar al-Dīn Siyālkōtī: Lahore [1911*].

(57)

¶ Nāfiʿ al-sālikīn, a life of M. Sikandar “Wāṣil” K̲h̲āliṣ-pūrī, by S̲h̲. Dāwud Pūtrīk: Bombay 1310/1893° (appended to M. Sikandar’s Tuḥfat al-ʿulamāʾ, for which see Ellis).

(58)

Nasab-nāmah i ḥaḍrat i S. S̲h̲āh Ismā‘īl i Buk̲h̲ārī: Āṣafīyah i p. 494 no. 123.

(59)

Nasab-nāmah i nāmī i s̲h̲aik̲h̲-zādagān, “genealogies of certain noted saints”: Lucknow 1876*.

(60)

Nasab-nāmah i S̲h̲āh Wajīh al-Dīn,²²⁵ by S. Yaḥyā b. S. Ḥusain: Bombay Fyzee 15 (incomplete).

(61)

Nasāʾim i G̲h̲aut̲h̲īyah, a life of ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī (cf. no. 1251 2nd par. footnote supra) in eleven nasīms: Ivanow 271 (18th cent.), Ethé 1801 (n.d.). Abridgment: Nasāʾim al-Qādirīyah, likewise in eleven nasīms:: Ethé 1802 (ah 1154/1741), probably also Āṣafīyah ii p. 882 no. 79.

(62)

Nasāʾim al-Qādirīyah: see under Nasāʾim i G̲h̲aut̲h̲īyah above.

(63)

Nawādir al-safar, notices of 22 C̲h̲is̲h̲tī saints with descriptions of their shrines, by Farīd al-Dīn: Ivanow 272 (defective at end ?. 18th cent.).

(64)

Qiṣṣah (Ḥālāt) i Sālār Masʿūd i G̲h̲āzī,²²⁶ “a fiction of the wildest character” (Rieu), being one form of the legend of Sālār Masʿūd (cf. no. 1329 (7) supra): Ivanow 322 (early 19th cent.), Rieu iii 1015a (ad 1850).

(65)

Rauḍat al-abrār, lives of Kas̲h̲mīrī saints, by Abū ’l-Ḥasan M., known as Muḥammad al-Dīn Qādirī Lāhaurī: Jēlam [i.e. Jihlam, Jehlam, or “Jhelum”] 1302/1885° (80 pp.).

(66)

Rauḍat al-auliyāʾ, tad̲h̲kirah i auliyāʾ i Bījāpūr, by M. Ibrāhīm: Āṣafīyah iii p. 164 no. 169 (ah 1310/1892–3).

(67)

Rauḍat al-auliyāʾ fī aḥwāl al-aṣfiyāʾ, a life of Muḥammad and brief notices of Naqs̲h̲bandī saints, by M. Ḥusain b. M. Riḍā. Edition: Amritsar 1333/1915*.

(68)

Risālah i amīrīyah, a life of Bahāʾ Allāh, by M. Muṣṭafā al-Bag̲h̲dādī: see no. (73) below.

(69)

¶ Risālah i Bahāʾīyah fī maqāmāt i ḥaḍrat i K̲h̲wājah Bahāʾ al-Dīn, by Abū ’l-Qāsim b. M. b. Masʿūd: ʿAlīgaṛh Subḥ. mss. p. 12 no. 11 (ah 1062/1652).

(70)

Risālah i buzurgān i Samarqand: Buk̲h̲ārā Semenov 71.

(71)

Risālah dar ḥālāt i S̲h̲āh Pīr Muḥammad, by Maulawī ʿAẓamat Allāh: ʿAlīgaṛh Subḥ. mss. p. 62 no. 41.

(72)

Risālah i Quṭbīyah i ʿis̲h̲qīyah, a panegyric in honour of the anonymous author’s spiritual guide, Mihr ʿAlī S̲h̲āh, followed by a metrical silsilah of C̲h̲is̲h̲tī saints; Lahore [1916*].

(73)

al-Risālat al-tisʿ-ʿas̲h̲arīyah, a life of Bahāʾ Allāh, by Aḥmad Suhrāb, preceded by biographies of S̲h̲. Aḥmad al-Aḥsāʾī and S. Kāẓim al-Ras̲h̲tī and followed (p. 103) by the Risālah i amīrīyah of M. Muṣṭafā al-Bag̲h̲dādī on the life of Bahāʾ Allāh: Cairo 1338/1919* (128 pp.).

(74)

Riyāḍ al-nūr maʿrūf bah Gulzār i surūr, chronograms on the births and deaths of Muslim celebrities, especially Ṣūfīs, by M. Imām al-Dīn: Lahore 1333/1915*.

(75)

Sālik i ṭarīqat, a list of famous s̲h̲aik̲h̲s of various orders: Lucknow 1300/1883° (the first work in a Majmūʿah i rasāʾil (50 pp.) containing also (2) Rauḍat al-ʿibrat, (3) Ḥadīqat al-masāʾil, and (4) Ṣirāṭ al-jannah).

(76)

Sawāniḥ i muk̲h̲taṣar i S̲h̲āh Wājid ʿAlī Qalandar, by Maulawī M. Ikrām ʿAlī Qalandar: Calcutta 1919* (with an Urdu translation entitled Lawāʾiḥ i naẓar).

(77)

Sawāniḥ i S̲h̲āh Niʿmat Allāh Walī (beg. Bar ḍamīr i k̲h̲wurs̲h̲īd-iqtibās), by Ṣunʿ Allāh Niʿmat-Allāhī, abridged, according to Nad̲h̲īr Aḥmad, from the Jāmiʿ i Mufīdī (see no. 461 supra) and therefore later than 1090/1679: Nad̲h̲īr Aḥmad 87 (W. Ivanow’s collection, ah 1281/1864), perhaps also Āṣafīyah i p. 442 no. 815 (“Silsilat al-ʿārifīn,” author not named. Defective). Edition (?): Sawāniḥ al-aiyām fī mus̲h̲āhadāt al-aʿwām mausūm ba-Silsilat al-ʿārifīn: Bombay 1307/1890°.

(78)

Sayings and miracles of K̲h̲wājah ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAṭṭār:²²⁷ Rieu ii 862b (18th cent.).

(79)

S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Aḥmad Bībī-K̲h̲ānī, a metrical biography by G̲h̲ulām-Muḥyī ’l-Dīn “Sanjī”: Lahore 1924* (18 pp.).

(80)

S̲h̲ajarah i ʿāliyah i Naqs̲h̲bandīyah, a metrical Naqs̲h̲bandī pedigree, by Ḥabīb Allāh Naqs̲h̲bandī: Ludhiana 1888°.

(81)

¶ S̲h̲ajarah i ʿāliyah i ṭarīqah i Qādirīyah i Mujaddidīyah, a metrical pedigree down to M. S̲h̲ēr, the author’s pīr, by M. Yūsuf ʿAlī Qādirī: Agrah 1322/1904*.

(82)

S̲h̲ajarah i ansāb i pīrān i ṭarīqah i Naqs̲h̲bandī i Mujaddidī k̲h̲ānadān i Maulānā [Raḥīm-Bak̲h̲s̲h̲ called] M. Masʿūd S̲h̲āh, in prose and verse: Ḥasanī Press [Delhi 1869*].

(83)

S̲h̲ajarah i C̲h̲is̲h̲tī u Qādirī u Qalandarī u Ṣābirī, prose and verse pedigrees of the author, G̲h̲ulām-Bhīk,²²⁸ in several orders, with a panegyric on Maulawī Qādir-Bak̲h̲s̲h̲ Sahāranpūrī: Murādābād [1912*].

(84)

S̲h̲ajarah i k̲h̲ānadān i Naqs̲h̲bandīyah, followed by S̲h̲ajarah i k̲h̲ānadān i Qādirīyah, metrical pedigrees by Abū ’l-Ḥasan Ṣiddīqī Nānautawī: Agrah 1873*.

(85)

S̲h̲ajarah i k̲h̲ānadān i Qādirīyah: see no. (84) above.

(86)

S̲h̲ajarah i mubārakah i C̲h̲is̲h̲tīyah i Ṣābirīyah i Quddūsīyah i Muḥibbīyah i Muḥammadīyah, followed (p. 20) by S̲h̲ajarah i s̲h̲arīfah i manẓūmah i Qādirīyah, a metrical pedigree by S̲h̲āh Ḥabīb Allāh T̲h̲ānī Muḥibb-Allāhī: Allahabad [1926*].

(87)

S̲h̲ajarah i mutabarrakah i manẓūmah: see no. (90) below.

(88)

S̲h̲ajarah i Naqs̲h̲bandīyah, a metrical pedigree of S. Imām ʿAlī: Fārūqī Press [Delhi 1874*].

(89)

S̲h̲ajarah i Qādirī, prose and verse pedigrees of S̲h̲āh Mardān, by G̲h̲ulām-Nabī: Lahore 1330/1912*.

(90)

S̲h̲ajarah i Qādirīyah, “a genealogy of the Qādirī order,” followed (p. 5) by S̲h̲ajarah i mutabarrakah i manẓūmah, “a metrical genealogy of certain saints of the same order, and (p. 10) by a similar work in Panjabi verse by Raḥīm-bak̲h̲s̲h̲”: Lahore [1879*].

(91)

S̲h̲ajarah i s̲h̲arīfah i manẓūmah i Qādirīyah, by S̲h̲āh Ḥabīb Allāh T̲h̲ānī Muḥibb-Allāhī: see no. (86) above.

(92)

S̲h̲ajarah i ṭaiyibah (on title-page: … S̲h̲ajarah i ʿāliyah i Naqs̲h̲bandīyah), “a genealogy of certain branches of the Naqs̲h̲bandī order,” by Ḥusain Allāh G̲h̲aznawī. Followed (p. 5) by Munājāt, prayers of S̲h̲āh ʿAbd Allāh Abū ’l-K̲h̲air (p. 6), an account of his death (p. 7), Naʿt i nūrānī, metrical devotions by S̲h̲āh Ḥusainī: Ludhiana [1923*].

(93)

S̲h̲ajarah i ṭaiyibah i k̲h̲ānadān i C̲h̲is̲h̲tīyah, “genealogies of various branches of the C̲h̲is̲h̲tī order: Niẓāmīyah, Ṣafawīyah, K̲h̲ādimīyah. and K̲h̲alīlīyah”: Lucknow 1920*.

(94)

S̲h̲ajarah i ṭaiyibah i Qādirīyah, pedigree of S̲h̲āh ʿAlī M. Lāhaurī: Lahore [1904*].

(95)

¶ S̲h̲ajarah i ṭaiyibah i silsilah i ʿāliyah i Naqs̲h̲- bandīyah: Lahore [1889°].

(96)

S̲h̲ajarah i ṭaiyibah i silsilah i ʿalīyah i Suhrawardīyah i ḥaḍarāt i Rafīqīyah, “succession list of the Shaikhs of the Rafīkī order of Ṣūfīs, in verse, with a genealogical table of the posterity of Abū M. Shihāb ul-Dīn Kilīj down to the author,” ʿAbd al-Salām Rafīqī Nūrpūrī: Lahore [1899°].

(97)

S̲h̲ajarahā-yi salāsil i Qādirīyah u C̲h̲is̲h̲tīyah wa-g̲h̲airah, metrical pedigrees, by M. Asad Allāh K̲h̲ān and M. Ḥāfiẓ Allāh: Jhajjar [1897°].

(98)

S̲h̲ajarat al-ʿārifīn, a brief metrical account of the family of S̲h̲āh M. Rafīʿ al-Zamān Ilāhābādī, by M. ʿAlī “Ulfat”: Allahabad 1297/1880° (followed by selections from the dīwān of S̲h̲āh M. Ḥasan “As̲h̲raf” Ilāhābādī²²⁹).

(99)

S̲h̲ams al-ansāb, on the genealogy of ʿAbd al-Qādir Jīlānī, by M. Maʿṣūm S̲h̲arīf Iṣfahānī: Āṣafīyah ii p. 1778 no. 110.

(100)

S̲h̲arḥ i ḥāl i auliyā: Lindesiana p. 116 no. 790 (circ. ad 1650).

(101)

Silsilah i ʿāliyah, “an account of the Shaikhs of Kanbuh,” by ʿInāyat Ḥusain b. Fatḥ Allāh, with supplements by Faiḍ Aḥmad b. Dildār Aḥmad: Meerut 1306/1889° (196 pp.).

(102)

Silsilah i ʿalīyah, a genealogy of K̲h̲wājah ʿUbaid Allāh Aḥrār (see no. 1277 3rd par. footnote n. 3 supra) and his family, by ʿAbd al-Ḥaiy b. Abū ’l-Fatḥ al-Ḥusainī, a descendant of K̲h̲wājah Aḥrār: Tashkent Univ. 74 (5).

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Silsilah i ʿāliyah i C̲h̲is̲h̲tīyah i Fak̲h̲rīyah i Niẓāmīyah i Sulaimānīyah, the spiritual pedigree of the author, M. Sulaimān: Lahore 1870*.

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Silsilah i ʿalīyah i C̲h̲is̲h̲tīyah i Niẓāmīyah i Fak̲h̲rīyah i Sulaimānīyah i Laṭīfīyah, the spiritual pedigree of the author, S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-Laṭīf, successor of M. Sulaimān: Tippera 1917*.

(105)

Silsilah i Qādirīyah, the spiritual pedigree of the author, ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq S̲h̲āh: Fīrōzpūr [1918]*.

(106)

Silsilah i ṭarīqah i Naqs̲h̲bandīyah, by Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn K̲h̲ālid al-Mujaddidī al-Bag̲h̲dādi: Cairo p. 415 (ah 1276/1860).

(107)

Silsilat al-laʾāliʾ, spiritual genealogies of the Naqs̲h̲bandī, Qādirī, C̲h̲is̲h̲tī and Suhrawardī orders, by Muʿīn al-Din “T̲h̲abāt”: Lucknow [1883°].

(108)

Sketch of the life of ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī (cf. no. 1251, 2nd par., footnote supra) written by Muḥsin at the request of S̲h̲. M. b. S̲h̲. M. As̲h̲raf Lāhaurī: Tashkent Univ. 18 (3).

(109)

¶ Spiritual pedigrees of Ṣūfic s̲h̲aik̲h̲s of Kas̲h̲mīr: Ivanow Curzon 79.

(110)

Sulṭānī, a metrical biography of Sulṭān al-ʿārifīn Ḥamzah Mak̲h̲dūmī²³⁰ and his descendants, by Mullā Bahāʾ al-Dīn mtw Kas̲h̲mīrī: Lahore [1933*].

(111)

Ṭabaqāt i mas̲h̲āyik̲h̲ i Naqs̲h̲bandīyah i Buk̲h̲ārā: Leningrad Univ. no. 854 (Salemann-Rosen p. 17).

(112)

Tad̲h̲akkur al-mas̲h̲āyik̲h̲, biographies of a few s̲h̲aik̲h̲s, beginning with the affiliation of Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. M. al-Isfarāyinī (d. 639), by an anonymous Kubrawī darwīs̲h̲: Blochet i 159 (10) (ah 877/1472).

(113)

Tad̲h̲kirah i ḥaḍrat i k̲h̲wājah Muʿīn al-Dīn C̲h̲is̲h̲tī:²³¹ Āṣafīyah ii p. 848.

(114)

Tad̲h̲kirah i K̲h̲wājagān i Naqs̲h̲bandīyah: Peshawar 1015.

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Tad̲h̲kirah i Ṣūfīyah, by Ras̲h̲kī b. Dīwān Mannū Lāl Falsafī: Āṣafīyah i p. 318 no. 100 (defective at end).

(116)

Tad̲h̲kirat al-auliyāʾ, lives of Aḥmad Zain al-Dīn Aḥsāʾī,²³² Kāẓim b. Qāsim Ras̲h̲tī,²³³ and M. Karīm K̲h̲ān Kirmānī,²³⁴ by Niʿmat Allāh Riḍawī: Bombay 1313/1896° (pp. 143).

(117)

(fī Tārīk̲h̲ i ajdād u farzandān u aṣḥāb i ḥaḍrat i Maulānā Jalāl al-Millah wa-’l-Dīn Muḥammad i Rūmī): Leyden v p. 232 no. 2640 (22 foll. a.h. 900/1494–5).

(118)

Tarjamat Ibn al-K̲h̲afīf: see Aḥwāl Ibn al-K̲h̲afīf.

(119)

T̲h̲amarāt al-quds, biographies of saints and pious women, mostly of the C̲h̲is̲h̲tī order, by Laʿl Bēg: Rāmpūr (defective. See Nad̲h̲īr Aḥmad 84).

(120)

Tuḥfaḥ i Akmalīyah, on the life and sayings of Akmal al-Dīn Badak̲h̲s̲h̲ī and his successors, by Abū M. Ḥasan b. Ḥāfiẓ Walī Allāh Kubrawī Kas̲h̲mīrī: Lahore 1350/1932* (appended to the same author’s mystical mīmīyah entitled Muk̲h̲bir al-asrār).

(121)

Tuḥfah i nāznīn, a biography in prose and verse of M. Saif al-Dīn Qādirī, by S. Bahāʾ al-Dīn M. Naqs̲h̲bandī Kas̲h̲mīrī: Lahore [1920*].

(122)

Tuḥfat al-auliyāʾ, a biography of S. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb Ṣābirī called Ak̲h̲ūn Panjū, by Maulawī Mīr Aḥmad S̲h̲āh Riḍwānī Pas̲h̲āwarī: Lahore 1321/1903*.

(123)

¶ Tuḥfat al-Saʿdīyah²³⁵ or (Malfūẓāt i S̲h̲āh Mīnā), on the life and teachings of S̲h̲āh Mīnā,²³⁶ by Muḥyī ’l-Dīn b. Ḥusain Riḍawī Ḥusainī: Ivanow Curzon 70 (defective and damaged. Early 19th cent.), Rāmpūr (see Nad̲h̲īr Aḥmad 76).

Edition: Malfūẓāt i … Mīnā, Hardoi (1900°].

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Waqāʾiʿ i S̲h̲āh Muʿīn al-Dīn i C̲h̲is̲h̲tī,²³⁷ by Bābū Lāl. Editions: Lucknow 1879°, 1881†, 1883† (cf. Āṣafīyah ii p. 850).

(125)

Ẓafar al-Islām, a life of Muʿīn al-Dīn C̲h̲is̲h̲tī (cf. no. 1259 2nd par. 3rd footnote supra), by S. Ẓafar ʿAlī “Ẓafar”: Delhi [1904*].

next chapter: 13.3 Ambassadors