In Volume 1-1: Qurʾānic Literature, History, and Biography | Section 1, Qurʾānic Literature

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§ 58. The well-known metrical treatise on the variant readings of the Qurʾān composed by al-S̲h̲āṭibī (d. 590/1194) under the title Ḥirz al-amānī wa-wajh al-tahānī and usually called al-Qaṣīdat al-S̲h̲āṭibīyah or simply al-S̲h̲āṭibīyah (Brock. i 409) has been translated, commented on, and recast in Persian.

3.1 Translations:—

(1)

Text with a Persian translation: Wālidah i ʿAtīq Jāmiʿ 20.

(2)

A translated extract: Flügel 1637 foll. 4b–7a.

3.2 Commentaries:—

(1)

Iḍāḥ al-maʿānī fī s̲h̲arḥ Ḥirz al-amānī, written at Mecca in 1099: Peshawar 1097 (b).

(2)

Ījāz al-maʿānī fī s̲h̲arḥ Ḥirz al-amānī, by Ḥusain b. ‘Ut̲h̲mān: Āṣafīyah i p. 306 no. 46.

(3)

Kas̲h̲f al-amānī fī ’l-Sabʿ al-Mat̲h̲ānī, by M. b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Maḥmūd: Āyā Ṣūfiyah 57.

(4)

Quṭbīyah s̲h̲arḥ i S̲h̲āṭibīyah: Peshawar 1079.

(5)

S̲h̲arḥ i Qaṣīdah i S̲h̲āṭibīyah (metrical): Āyā Ṣūfiyah 34.

(6)

S̲h̲arḥ i Qaṣīdat al-S̲h̲āṭibīyah (mamzūj): Kamānkas̲h̲ 15 bis.

(7)

Sikandar-S̲h̲āhī: Peshawar 1091.

(8)

Tarjamat al-jarīdah fī s̲h̲arḥ al-Qaṣīdah, by Qāsim b. Ibrāhīm b. M. Qazwīnī: Bānkīpūr Pers. Hand-list 1167 (16th cent.), Decourdemanche ii Arabe 6314 (ah 870), Peshawar 1096.

3.3 Recastings:—

(1)

Ethé 2702 (2).

(2)

See Multaqaṭ i Ḥirz al-amānī, § 59 below.

(3)

Decourdemanche ii s.p. 1673 (15).

¶ § 59. al-S̲h̲arīf M. b. Maḥmūd b. M.¹ b. Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-Samarqandī al-Bag̲h̲dādī,² was according to Ḥ. K̲h̲. the grandson of Nāṣir al-Dīn [M. b. Yūsuf al-Ḥusainī al-Samarqandī³], who died in 556/1161, and he must therefore have flourished not long after the year ad 1200.

(1)

al-Mabsūṭ wa-’l-maḍbūṭ fī ’l-qirā’āt al-sabʿ: Ḥ.K̲h̲. v 11332, Nad̲h̲īr Aḥmad 3 (Aḥmād Allāh Library, Moradabad).

(2)

Multaqaṭ i Ḥirz al-amānī,⁴ a metrical treatise based on the S̲h̲āṭībīyah (see § 58) with a prose commentary entitled Mant̲h̲ūr i Multaqaṭ i Ḥirz al-amānī, by M. b. Aḥmad Sinānī: Berlin 181 (4).

Possibly by this author is Ethé 2702 (“Kitāb i qirāʾat”).

§ 60. Ḥāfiẓ i Rūmī M. b. Yūsuf al-Ẓahīr composed in 776/1374–5 at K̲h̲wārizm

Maṭlūb al-qāriʾ, a metrical treatise on the variant readings in 780 verses: Rāmpūr (Nad̲h̲īr Aḥmad 5).

§ 61. The metrical treatise on the art of reading the Qurʾān composed by M. b. M. al-Jazarī (d. 833/1429), and usually known as al-Muqaddimat al-Jazarīyah (Brock. ii 202), has been translated into Persian under the title

Farāʾid al-fawāʾid: Āṣafīyah i p. 306 no. 45, Bānkīpūr Pers. Hand-list 1168 (b) (ah 1145), Ivanow 972.

It has been translated also by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Burhān al-Dīn b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ṣabbāg̲h̲ al-Ḥaqqī al-Lāhaurī under the title Tarjamat al-mufīd fī Muqaddimat al-tajwīd: Bānkipūr Pers. Hand-list 1168.

A Persian commentary by Muftī M. Aḥsan was published with the Arabic text and Zakarīyāʾ al-Anṣārī’s commentary at Peshawar in 1288*, at Delhi in 1881 †, 1887 †, and [1888°], and (probably) at Lahore in 1921†.

§ 62. Ibn ʿImād, who may be identical with the poet of that name (cf. Rieu, Suppt. 348 (2)), composed in 803/1400–1

K̲h̲ulāṣat al-tanzīl (al-tajwīd?), a metrical treatise on the pronunciation of the Qurʾān: Ivanow 598.

§ 63. Ṭāhir Iṣfahānī is doubtless identical with Ṭāhir b. ʿArabs̲h̲āh al-Iṣfahānī, who was born in 786/1384–5 according to Ḥ.K̲h̲. iv 9475, 9484.

(1)

¶ Durr al-farīd fī ʿilm (or maʿrifat) al-tajwīd:⁵ I.O. d.p. 32a, Peshawar 1083.

(2)

Manhal al-ʿaṭs̲h̲ān fī rasm al-Qurʾān, written for S̲h̲āh Ruk̲h̲ in 847: Peshawar 1095 (3), ʿUmūmī 208.

Probably by this author are the “kitāb fī qirāʾat Qurrāʾ al-Sabʿ ” ascribed to Ḥāfiẓ Iṣfahānī in Āyā Sūfiyah 44, the “Risālah i mufrad i Ḥamzah” ascribed to “Ṭāhir Ḥāfiẓ” in ʿUmūmī 213 and perhaps the Risālah i tajwīd of Mullā M. Ṭāhir al-Qāriʾ (Āṣafīyah i p. 306 no. 48), and the Tajwīd i lā-yanfakk (?) of Mullā M. Ṭāhir (see p. 38 infra).

§ 64. Yār Muḥammad ibn K̲h̲udādād Samarqandī dedicated to Abū ’l-G̲h̲āzī ʿUbaid Allāh Bahādur K̲h̲ān, the S̲h̲aibānid ruler of Transoxiana, who ruled from ah 939/1533 to 946/1539

Qawāʿid al-Qurʾān: Āṣafīyah i p. 308 nos. 22, 92, 96, and 109, Bānkipūr Pers. Hand-list 1171 (16th cent.), 1172 (ah 1189), Decourdemanche ii s.p. 1673(2)–(3), Ethé 2703, i.o. d.p. 33a, Ivanow 973–4, Ivanow Curzon 339 (1), Rieu ii 803 (fragment).

§ 65. ‘Imād al-Dīn ʿAlī al-S̲h̲arīf al-Qāriʾ al-Astarābādī dedicated to the Ṣafawid S̲h̲āh Ṭahmāsp (ah 930–84 = ad 1524–76)

Tuḥfah i S̲h̲āhī, on tajwīd and the variant readings of the Ten in the 1st and 112th sūrahs: Berlin 4 (3), Ivanow 975,⁶ Ivanow Curzon 340.

Possibly identical with this is the “risālah i qirāʾat” of this author mentioned in Āṣafīyah i p. 306 no. 64, Bānkipūr Pers. Hand-list 1170 (ah 1048).

[Haft iqlīm no. 1168.]

§ 66. Ḥāfiz Kalān Buk̲h̲ārī. dedicated to ʿAbd Allāh Bahādur K̲h̲ān (probably the second S̲h̲aibānid so styled, who reigned from 991/1583 to 1006/1598)

al-Durrat al-farīdah: Āṣāfīyah i p. 306 no. 89, Nad̲h̲īr Aḥmad 1 (M. Muḥaddit̲h̲, Rāmpūr).

§ 67. Raḍī al-Dīn Abū ’l-K̲h̲air ʿAbd al-Majīd composed in 1022/1613–4

al-Qaul al-mujīd li-tajwīd kalām Allāh al-Majīd: Rāmpūr (Nad̲h̲īr Aḥmad 2).

¶ § 68. Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad Qāriʾ composed in the time of Jahāngīr (1014/1605–1037/1628)

Maqṣūd al-qāriʾ:⁷ Āṣafīyah i p. 308 no. 79, Berlin 73 (5), Būhār 156 (5), i.o. 1435 foll. 1b–6a and foll. 23–35, Ivanow Curzon 341.

Editions: Lucknow 1290° and 1886† (in a Majmūʿah of 4 works), 1308° and 1895† (in a Majmūʿah i bist rasāʾil i qirāʾat).

§ 69. Qāsim Jaunpūrī dedicated to S̲h̲āh-Jahān (1037/1628–1069/ 1659)

K̲h̲ulāṣat al-qirāʾāt: Ivanow Curzon 342.

§ 70. Qāriʾ Abū ’l-Qāsim composed in 1061/1651

Naẓm al-laʾālī fī tajwīd kalām al-Mutāʿālī: Āṣafīyah i p. 308 nos. 80 and 101.

§ 71. Muṣṭafā b. Ibrāhīm al-Qāriʾ⁸ composed in 1067/1656–7

(1)

Tuḥfat al-abrār: Āṣafīyah i p. 306 no. 58 (1). According to Iʿjāz Ḥusain 470 this work is an abridgment of

(2)

Tuḥfat al-qurrāʾ [Iʿjāz Ḥusain adds fī qirāʾat ʿĀṣim], written at Iṣfahān in 1067 and dedicated to S̲h̲āh ʿAbbās ii: i.ḥ. 470, Āṣafīyah i p. 306 nos. 20, 83 (mutammimah), 104 (mutammimah), Berlin 181 (13), Blochet i 34.

He wrote also

(3)

Irs̲h̲ād al-qāriʾ: Bānkipūr Pers. Hand-list 1165 (ah 1134).

§ 72. Saiyid Aḥmad b. Rukn al-Dīn Ḥusainī Kūhgīlūʾī dedicated to Abū ’l-Ḥasan Quṭb-S̲h̲āh (ah 1083/1672–1098/1687)

Ḥilyat al-qāriʾ, begun at Ḥaidarābād in 1083/1672–3, completed in 1095/1684: Āṣafīyah i p. 306 no. 108, Ivanow Curzon 343.

§ 73. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Yūsuf composed in the time of Aurangzēb (ah 1069/1659–1119/1707)

Maʿrifat al-qirāʾah: i.o. d.p. 34c, 34e.

§ 74. Niʿmat Allāh b. Raḥmat Allāh Lāhaurī completed in Muḥarram 1089/1678 in the time of Aurangzēb

Mufīd al-qurrāʾ Āṣafīyah i p. 308, Ethé 2705.

¶ § 75. Mīr Saiyid ʿAlī b. Mīr Saiyid Muḥammad al-K̲h̲atlānī, commonly called Mīr Majnūn, one of the Saiyids of Zarāb, dedicated to Aurangzēb

Najāt al-qāriʾ, on the art of reciting the Qurʾān and the readings associated with the name of ʿĀṣim: i.o. d.p. 33c.

§ 76. In 1099/1687–8 was composed

Naẓm i ḥāsim (a chronogram), 56 verses on the pronunciation of the Qurʾān: i.o. d.p. 34g.

§ 77. Saiyid Qāsim ʿAlī composed in 1196/1781 at the request of his uncle M. Ifāḍ al-Dīn al-Ḥasanī

Ruqʿat al-qāriʾ: Būhār 156 (6).

§ 78. Qādir Bak̲h̲s̲h̲ Pānīpatī c. 1200/1786.

Muk̲h̲taṣar al-tajwīd: a.s.b. Govt. Coll. 1903–7 no. 906.

§ 79. In the year 1208/1793 was composed and dedicated to Tīpū Sulṭān of Mysore

Qawānīn i Ḥafṣīyah: Ethé 2708, Ivanow 983 (1).

§ 80. In 1257/1841 was composed

al-Takmīl fī qirāʾat al-Tanzīl: i.o. d.p. 34a.

§ 81. Muḥammad Saʿd Allāh Murādābādī (b. 1219/1804–5, d. 1294/1877), after courses of study at Rāmpūr, Najībābād and Delhi settled in 1246 at Lucknow, where on the completion of his studies he became successively a mudarris in the Royal Madrasah, a collaborator in the translation of the Qāmūs entitled Tāj al-lug̲h̲āt and Muftī of the Kōtwāl’s court. On the deposition of Wājid ʿAlī S̲h̲āh he was invited by Nawwāb Yūsuf ʿAlī K̲h̲ān to become Muftī at Rāmpūr. He wrote numerous works in Arabic and Persian.

(1)

Nawādir al-bayān fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān, rules for recitation of the Qurʾān:—Editions: Lahore 1874*, 1900°.

(2)

K̲h̲ulāṣat al-nawādir, an abridgment of the preceding:—Editions: Lucknow 1263° (prefixed to a Qurʾān), ibid. n.d.*

[Ḥadāʾiq al-Ḥanafīyah 488, Raḥmān ʿAlī 74.]

§ 82. Other Works (mainly of uncertain date)

(a)

Works having distinctive titles

[For the purposes of this classification such titles as Risālah i qirāʾat are regarded as indistinctive.]

(1)

¶ ʿAjāʾib al-tajwīd, by ʿIbād Allāh: Edinburgh 178.

(2)

Fātiḥ dar Fātiḥah (?), by Jalāl al-Dīn M. b. ʿAbd al-Jalīl b. Maḥmūd b. M. al-Ṣā[di?]qī (?): Ivanow Curzon 339 (2).

(3)

Hādī i tajwīd (sic lege for tajwīz ?), metrical:—Edition: place ? date ? (Āṣafīyah i p. 308 no. 119).

(4)

Ḥall i mutas̲h̲ābih i mamzūj (on the pauses), by M. b. Yūsuf al-Ḥāfiẓ al-Iṣfahānī: Bānkīpūr Pers. Hand-list 1169 (17th cent.).

(5)

Ḥayāt al-fuʾād, by Muḥammad b. Ḥasan ʿAlī Kūsārī, known as ʿAlī al-Qāriʾ: Ethé 2704, Ivanow 976.

(6)

Jadwal i mubīn (?): Ivanow 985 (1).

(7)

Kāmil al-tajwīd, by Amīr ʿIzz al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Bahāʾ al-Dīn al-Jūrīdī, written at the request of Ras̲h̲īd b. Bahrām b. Ras̲h̲īd b. M. al-Harawī:—Edition: [Delhi] 1289* (together with Muḥammad S̲h̲āh’s (Arabic) Tabʿīd al-ḍād ʿan ṣaut al-ẓāʾ). Decourdemanche ii s.p. 1673 (12) is a qaṣīdah by this author (cf. p. 37 no. (2) ?). Decourdemanche ii s.p. 1673 (6) (by M. Ṣādiq) and Blochet 155 (3) seem to be commentaries (identical ?) on this or a similar qaṣīdah.

(8)

Kanz al-laṭāʾif fī-mā yaḥtāj ilaih taṣhīḥ al-maṣāḥif: Cairo p. 407 (2 copies, dated 1215 and 1230).

(9)

Kanz al-qurrāʾ: Peshawar 1097 (c).

(10)

K̲h̲ulāṣat al-rusūm, by ʿUt̲h̲mān b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Ṭāliqānī: Āṣafīyah i p. 306 no. 23.

Extracts from a work of this title are published in the Qurʾān lithographed at Agra in 1298°.

(11)

Maʿdin al-asrār, by Niẓām Banārasī: Āṣafīyah i p. 308 no. 105.

(12)

Majmaʿ al-qawāʿid, by Imām b. Aḥmad b. al-Imām al-Kujābī: Gotha 2 (5).

(13)

Majmūʿah i Fīrūzs̲h̲āhī:⁹ Āṣafīyah i p. 308 no. 110.

(14)

Manẓar al-qāriʾ, by Ḥāfiẓ Ak̲h̲ḍarī (?): i.o. d.u. 7a.

(15)

Marg̲h̲ūb al-qāriʾ, by ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad b. Bāyazīd Kalyāni: Ivanow 985 (3).

Editions: Delhi 1868†, Lucknow 1308° and 1895† (in a Majmūʿah i bist rasāʾil i qirāʾat).

(16)

Mufīd al-tajwīd: Āṣafīyah i p. 308 no. 95.

(17)

Muk̲h̲taṣar fī bayān tajwīd al-Furqān, by Muḥammad:—Edition: Delhi 1886†.

(18)

¶ Muntak̲h̲ab al-tajwīd, metrical: Ivanow Curzon 345 (2).

(19)

Qaul i faṣl (sic lege ?) dar waqf wa-waṣl, by Mīr Āg̲h̲ā:—Edition: Lucknow 1893°.

(20)

Rag̲h̲āʾib al-albāb, by M. Riḍā ʿAlī b. Sak̲h̲āwat ʿAlī Banārasī: Āṣafīyah i p. 306 no. 73.

(21)

Silk al-bayān fī kas̲h̲f mus̲h̲kilāt al-Qurʾān, by M. Jaʿfar, a list of passages of which the reading is easily mistaken:—Edition: [Bombay] 1309°.

(22)

Taisīr al-qāriʾ, by Nūr al-Ḥaqq:—Edition: Lucknow 1895†.

(23)

Tajrīd fī aḥkām al-tajwīd: Āṣafīyah i p. 306 no. 62.

(24)

Tajwīd i Muḥammadī, Tajwīd i Aḥmadī, and Risālah i nūn i quṭnī, by Ḥājjī M. and Ḥājjī Fatḥ M. K̲h̲ān:—Edition: Lahore 1913†.

(25)

Tuḥfah i nad̲h̲rīyah, by Qāriʾ ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Pānīpatī: Edition: place ? 1283 (Āṣafīyah i p. 306).

(26)

Tuḥfat al-ḥuffāẓ, by Nuṣrat b. ʿUmar called Sikandar (cf. no. 28): Bodleian 1241 (3).

(27)

Tuḥfat al-Raḥmānī: Bānkipūr Pers. Hand-list 1166 (19th cent.).

(28)

Zīnat al-qāriʾ, by Nuṣrat b. ʿUmar called Sikandar (cf. no. 26): Bodleian 1241 (2), Būhār 156 (4) [?], Ethé 2802 (10), i.o. 1435 foll. 19b–21b and 41b–47a.

(29)

Zīnat al-qāriʾ, metrical: Būhār 156 (2).

(30)

Zīnat al-qāriʾ: Būhār 156 (3).

(31)

Zīnat al-qāriʾ, metrical (different from no. 29 ?): Ivanow Curzon 345 (1).

(32)

Zubdat al-qirāʾah¹⁰ composed at Aḥmadābād by Qiwām al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Saiyid ʿAbd Allāh al-Buk̲h̲ārī: i.o. d.p. 33f (date (of composition or copying ?) ah 1182).

(b)

Works without distinctive titles but of known authorship

(1)

On the readings of the “Seven”, by Ḥāfiẓ Iṣfahānī (= Ṭahir Iṣfahānī ? see p. 32 supra): Āyā Ṣūfiyah 44.

(2)

“Anfang (sieben Bait) eines Gedichtes in Qaçîdenform von dem Ḥâfitz ‘Izz al-Dīn [cf. p. 35, no. (7) ?] über das, was einem Qurânleser zu wissen und zu beobachten nöthig ist”: Gotha 2 (7).

(3)

Persian verses by Luṭf Allāh [ibn] Aḥmad on subjects connected with the Qurʾān and the method of reading it, lists of (1) the seven ¶ readers and their rāwīs, (2) the sūrahs as usually arranged, (3) the sūrahs as arranged chronologically, (4) sajdahs, (5) pauses, (6) the wuqūf i g̲h̲ufrān: I.O. 1435 foll. 16b–19a and 37a–40b. Nos. (2) and (3) have been published in the Majmūʿah i bist rasāʾil i qirāʾat, Lucknow 1308° and 1895†.

(4)

Risālah i tajwīd, by Muḥammad Maʿṣūm: i.o. d.a. 93b.

(5)

On tajwīd, by M. b. ʿAlī Ḥusainī, prefixed to a Qurʾān lithographed at Ṭihrān in 1285–86 (Ellis i 884).

(6)

On tajwid, by M. Zamān b. Ḥajjī M. Ṭāhir Tabrīzī: Ross and Browne 120.

(7)

Risālah i tajwīd, by Mullā M. Ṭāhir al-Qāriʾ (= Ṭāhir Iṣfahānī ? see p. 32 supra): Āṣafīyah i p. 306 no. 48.

(8)

Risālah dar tajwīd i Qurʾān, by Riḍā Qulī: Leyden 1649 (ah 1065).

(9)

“Kitāb i qirāʾat” by a certain Samarqandī (possibly M. b. Maḥmūd, see p. 31 supra): Ethé 2702 i (ms. dated 907/1502).

(10)

Muk̲h̲taṣar dar ʿilm i tajwīd, by Ḥājjī S̲h̲ukr Allāh or Ustād S̲h̲ukrī: Ivanow 984.

(11)

Rules for reciting the Qurʾān, by Zain al-ʿĀbidīn Sabzawārī, appended to the Qurʾān lithographed at Ṭihrān in 1285–6°.

(c)

Works of indistinctive or unknown title and unknown authorship

i.

On tajwīd or the qirāʾāt in general:—

(1)

Some of the seven Arabic and Persian tracts prefixed to a Qurʾān lithographed at [Delhi] in 1292°.

(2)

Poetical tract on tajwīd written for a certain ʿAbd al-Raʾūf: Būhār 156 (1). Extracts apparently from this tract were published as As̲h̲ʿār i muntak̲h̲ab az qaṣīdat al-qirāʾat in the Majmūʿah i bist rasāʾil i qirāʾat, Lucknow 1308°, 1895†.

(3)

Āṣafīyah i p. 306 no. 98, p. 308 no. 54.

(4)

Berlin 182.

(5)

Ethé 2802 (9).

(6)

Flügel iii 1637.

(7)

Gotha 2 (2).

(8)

i.o. d.a. 93c foll. 50–60b, d.a. 93c ii (fragment), d.p. 32b, d.p. 34d.

(9)

Loth 43 foll. 92b–94a.

ii.

On particular points:—

(a)

On the pauses.

(1)

Notice d’un traité des pauses dans la lecture de l’Alcoran [= Blochet 33] par M. Silvestre de Sacy in Notices et Extraits ix pt. 1 pp. 111–16.

(2)

Muk̲h̲taṣar min al-waqf li-l-Sajāwandī: Krafft 404.

(3)

¶ Memoria technica of 8–12 verses: Ethé 2703 end, Gotha 2 (4), i.o. 1435 fol. 19a and 40b–41a, d.p. 33 fol. 111b. This is the “naẓm i mas̲h̲hūr” published in the Majmūʿah i bist rasāʾil i qirāʾat, Lucknow 1308°, 1895 †.

(4)

Berlin 189 Anhang (1).

(5)

Blochet i 33.

(6)

List of 83 passages where it is blasphemous to pause: Berlin 189 Anhang (4).

(7)

List of 17 such passages: i.o. d.p. 33 j.

(b)

On the pronunciation of hamzah: Loth 45 foll. 1–16a.

(c)

On iddig̲h̲ām, iẓhār, ik̲h̲fāʾ and qalb: Berlin 4 (4).

(d)

Directions for reading Sūrah i without Persianisms: Berlin 189 Anhang (5).

(e)

Metrical memoria technica for the abbreviations used to indicate the readers: i.o. 1435 foll. 16a and 36.

(f)

Metrical list of the Seven Readers: i.o. d.a. 93c fol. 61.

(g)

Metrical lists of sections, sūrahs, rukūʿāt and sajdahs in the Majmūʿah i bist rasāʾil i qirāʾat, Lucknow 1308° and 1895†.

(h)

Metrical memoria technica for the sūrahs in which sajdahs occur: Berlin 6 (7).

(i)

Naẓm i k̲h̲wus̲h̲-bayān, metrical enumeration of words, verses, and sūrahs: Lucknow 1308° and 1895† in the Majmūʿah i bist rasāʾil i qirāʾat.

(j)

Metrical lists of sūrahs: Dorn 500 (6), i.o. d.p. 34f, Ivanow Curzon 343. A metrical list was published in the Majmū’ah i bist rasāʾil i qirāʾat, Lucknow 1308°, 1895†.

(k)

List of the sections: Ivanow 983 (3).

(l)

Lists of the rukūʿāt: Ethé 2710, Ivanow 981–2, 983 (2).

(m)

On the number of times each letter occurs in the Qurʾān: Berlin 14 (21), 75 (1). For a similar work see p. 40 infra.

next chapter: 4 Orthography (Rasm al-k̲h̲aṭṭ)