Dr Tahir Abbas was Reader in the Department of Sociology at the University of Birmingham. Information on Northern Ireland was supplied by Victoria Montgomery (see Ireland).

Elmira Akhmetova is an assistant research fellow at the International Institute for Advanced Islamic Studies (IAIS), Malaysia, and a PhD student in history and civilisation at the International Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM). She has published her MA thesis, Ideas of Muslim Unity at the Age of Nationalism: A Comparative Study of the Concept of the Ummah in the Writings of Musa Jarullah and Said Nursi (Saarbr…