Elmira Akhmetova holds a PhD in History and Civilisation from the International Islamic University Malaysia (iium) and is currently Associate Professor in History and Civilisation at the same university, and Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of South Australia. She is the author of various books and papers about Islam in Russia, religious extremism, Middle Eastern history, and political issues. This report is prepared with the support of a cns grant on Islam and Muslims in the Russian Federation (SP18-154-0416).

Alberto Ambrosio is Professor of Theology and Histo…