In 2021, Europe, like the rest of the world, slowly woke up from a nightmare of more than a year when the Covid-19 pandemic interrupted regular social activities, including religious ones. Islam, being still a “communal religion”, suffered particularly from the ban on collective religious ceremonies, such as Friday prayers, ʾId gatherings, and so on. The 2021 country reports show clearly that European Muslim communities, both minority and majority, showed a resilience and adaptability to the pan…