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ʿAbd al-Ghanī al-Azdī, Abū Muḥammad b. Saʿīd b. ʿAlī (332–409/944–1018), an Egyptian muḥaddith (traditionist). He was born in Egypt where he spent important periods of his life. When he was six years old he lost his father, who was a man of learning (al-Ḥabbāl, 54, 89; Ibn Mākūlā, 3/85). He began learning ḥadīths early in life, and one of his first masters was ʿUthmān b. Muḥammad al-Samarqandī (d. 345/956) (for further information on the latter, see al-Dhahabī, 15/422). Amongst his masters and teachers one can also name the following: Abū al-Ḥasa…

, al-Ḥusayn b. Abī Maʿs̲h̲ar Muḥammad b. Mawdūd al-Sulamī al-Ḥarrānī , ḥadīth scholar of Ḥarrān (b. ca. 222/837, d. 318/930-1). Practically nothing is known about his life, except the names of his authorities and his students, some of them very famous personalities. He is said to have been judge or muftī of Ḥarrān. One source (Ibn ʿAsākir apud al-Ḏh̲ahabī) states that he was a partisan of the Umayyads. According to the Fihrist , 230, Abū ʿArūba wrote only one work, a collection of traditions which were transmitted by his authorities. This work seems to be identical with the Ṭabaḳāt …

b. al-Walīd al-mak̲h̲zūmī , the only surviving son of the famous Arab general. At the age of eighteen he commanded a squadron at the battle of the Yarmūk. Muʿāwiya subsequently appointed him governor of Ḥimṣ and he commanded several of the later Syrian expeditions ¶ into Anatolia. During the civil war, after successfully opposing an ʿIrāḳī expedition into the Ḏj̲azīra. he joined Muʿāwiya at Ṣiffīn and was made standard-bearer. According to the received tradition, Muʿāwiya, fearing that ʿAbd al-Raḥmān might be a rival of Yazīd for the succ…

, nom communément admis du père d’Abraham, d’après Ḳurʾān, VI, 74 «quand Abraham dit à son père, Āzar: «Prendrais-tu des idoles pour dieux ?», où Āzar est pris pour un nom propre en apposition à «père», bien que quelques commentateurs, sachant que le nom de son père était Terah, expliquent Āzar comme une exclamation de dégoût, une épithète abusive, ou le nom d’une idole. Toutefois, l’opinion de la majorité est que c’est le nom du père d’Abraham, soit un second nom pour Terah, comme Israël était …

Abū Ayyūb Maymūn b. Mihrān (40–117/660–735) was an early Islamic religious scholar who resided most of his life in Raqqa, in al-Jazīra (Upper Mesopotamia). He was born in Kufa in 40/660–1 to parents who were mawālī (clients to patrons; sing. mawlā). His mother was reportedly a freedwoman from either the Banū Naṣr b. Muʿāwiya or the Azd, and his father was probably a mawlā of the Banū Naṣr. Little information is preserved about Maymūn’s youth or early education. He seems at some point to have travelled to Baṣra to meet al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī (d. 110/728), but, wi…

In Band 9 | II. Grammatiker im Irak previous section ¶ Nach unserer heutigen Kenntnis der Entstehung der arabischen Nationalgrammatik war Basra etwa drei Generationen lang von Abu l-Aswad ad-Duʾalī (gest. 69/688) an ein Zentrum der Beschäftigung mit Grammatik. Die Bedingungen für die Entwicklung der von Abu l-Aswad geschaffenen, noch recht bescheidenen Grundlage müssen ziemlich günstig gewesen sein, so daß eine Reihe von Schülern, wie Naṣr b. ʿĀṣim, ʿAnbasa b. Maʿdān, Maimūn al-Aqran, Yaḥyā b. Yaʿmar, al-Aʿraǧ, Saʿd ar-Rābiya dort tätig wurde und die nächste Stufe der Ent…

Ḥumayd b. Thawr al-Hilālī was an Arab poet of the first/seventh century. Information about his person is scarce and often contradictory. In his genealogy, for instance, his grandfather’s name is ʿAbdallāh according to Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī and Ibn ʿAsākir, but Ḥazn b. ʿAmr according to Ibn al-Kalbī. Al-Jumaḥī says that ʿAmr b. ʿAbd Manāf, not ʿĀmir b. Abī Rabīʿa b. Nahīk as Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī and Ibn ʿAsākir stated, was his great-grandfather. His kunya (teknonym) is subject to similar confusion: Ibn ʿAsākir and Yāqūt transmit Abū l-Muthannā; less frequent is A…

Ibrāhīm b. al-Walīd was one of nineteen sons of the Umayyad caliph al-Walīd b. ʿAbd al-Malik (al-Walīd I, r. 86–96/705–15). Neither his birth year nor the identity of his mother, an umm walad (slave who gave birth to her master’s child) who may have been a Berber, is known. The sources are silent about him until his participation in the revolt led by his half-brother Yazīd b. al-Walīd (d. 126/744) that overthrew the caliph al-Walīd b. Yazīd (al-Walīd II, r. 125–6/743–4), whose murder precipitated the disintegration of the Umay…

al-Mak̲h̲zûmī, le seul fils survivant du célèbre général arabe. A dix-huit ans, il commandait une unité à la bataille du Yarmūk. Par la suite, Muʿāwiya le nomma gouverneur de Ḥimṣ, et il commanda plusieurs des dernières expéditions syriennes en Anatolie. Durant la guerre civile, après s’être opposé avec succès à une expédition ʿirāḳienne dans la Ḏj̲azīra, il rejoignit Muʿāwiya à Ṣiffīn et fut désigné comme porte-étendard. D’après la tradition admise, Muʿāwiya, craignant que ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ne dev…

Ḥulmāniyya, the followers of Abū Ḥulmān al-Dimashqī (flor. 3rd/9th century). Very little information survives concerning either the Ḥulmāniyya or its founder, except that his name was ʿAlī, his teknonym ( kunya) was Abū al-Ḥasan, and his honorific ( laqab) was Abū Ḥulmān. He spent most of his life in Syria and was therefore known by the toponyms ( nisbas) al-Dimashqī (‘of Damascus’) and al-Ḥalabī (‘of Aleppo’) (al-Baghdādī, 156; Ibn ʿAsākir, 66/153–154; Ibn al-ʿAdīm, 10/4427; al-Sarrāj, 289). He appears to have been of Persian extraction and origi…

, Ḥamza b. Yūsuf al-Ḳuras̲h̲ī al-D̲j̲urd̲j̲ānī. Abu ’l-Ḳāsim (b. at an unknown date towards the middle of the 4th/10th century, d. 427/1038 at Nīs̲h̲āpūr), traditionist and legal scholar. A native of Gurgān [ q.v.] in the Caspian coastlands, where he was a k̲h̲aṭīb and preacher, his major work, and apparently the sole surviving one, is his Taʾrīk̲h̲ D̲j̲urd̲j̲ān or Kitāb Maʿrifat ʿulamāʾ ahl D̲j̲urd̲j̲ān , essentially a rid̲j̲āl [ q.v.] work devoted to the scholars and muḥaddit̲h̲ūn of his native province, to which is prefixed (ed. Ḥaydarābād 1369/…

, pl. of ḳanāt [ q.v.], is found as a toponym in Syria. It designates particularly “a canal of Roman origin which leaves the Barada upstream from Rabwa on the right bank, and divides into five branches which pass across Damascus, supplying the southern part of the city with water” (Ibn ʿAsākir, Description de Damas , tr. N. Elisséeff, Damascus 1959, 252). Ḳanawāt is also the name of a place that lies 85 km. south of Damascus, on the west slope of the Ḥawrān. Because of its wealth of water this very ancient settlement cannot be identif…

, Ḥamza b. Yūsuf al-ḳuras̲h̲ī al-Dj̲urd̲j̲ānī, Abū l-Ḳāsim (né vers le milieu du IVe/Xe siècle, m. 427/1038 à Nīs̲h̲āpūr), traditionniste et jurisconsulte. Il était natif de Gurgān [ q.v.], sur les côtes de la Caspienne, où il fut k̲h̲aṭīb et prédicateur. Son principal ouvrage, et apparemment le seul qui ait été conservé, est le Taʾrīk̲h̲ Ḏj̲urd̲j̲ān. ou Kitāb Maʿrifat ʿulamāʾ ahl Ḏj̲urd̲j̲ān. essentiellement ouvrage de rid̲j̲āl [ q.v] consacré aux savants et muḥaddit̲h̲ūn de sa province natale. L’éd. de Ḥaydarābād 1369/1950 (4-18) est précédée d’une brève introduct…

Abū Sulaymān al-Dārānī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Aḥmad b. ʿAṭiyya al-ʿAnasī al-Dārānī, was a Sufi sage of the 2nd–3rd/8th–9th century. Some called him ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAṭiyya, associating him with his grandfather (al-Sulamī, 68; Anṣārī, 39). He was called al-ʿAnasī due to his connection with the Banū ʿAnas b. Mālik, a tribe from Yemen (al-Samʿānī, 9/395; Ibn Khallikān, 3/131). He was born around 140/757 (al-Dhahabī, 10/182). He was born in a village in Damascus called Dāriyā (al-Khawlānī, 107; al-Sulamī, 68; Abū Nuʿaym, 9/254), and hence he was known as al-Dārānī, even though this nisba is …

al-Ḥuṣayn b. Numayr, Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (d. Muḥarram 67/August 686) was a well-known Umayyad military commander during the caliphates of Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya (r. 60–64/680–683) and Marwān b. al-Ḥakam (r. 64/684). He was a member of the Sakūn clan, an important branch of the Banū Ashras tribe within the Kinda confederation (for his full lineage, see al-Kalbī, 1/181; Ibn Durayd, 368, 371; see also Ibn Ḥazm, 429; Ibn ʿAsākir, 14/382).Regarding al-Ḥuṣayn b. Numayr’s life, the available sources contain details that need to be evaluated critically. One of the problems f…

ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥanẓala, Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān or Abū Bakr, who played a leading role in the uprising of al-Ḥarra in Medina. He came from the Banū ʿAwf, a branch of the Aws tribe (Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ, 1/303; Ibn Saʿd, 5/65). He was born in Medina, a few months after his father, Ḥanẓala b. Abī ʿĀmir, was killed at the battle of Uḥud, receiving the martyr's ghusl (ritual ablution) from the angels. Thus in some sources ʿAbd Allāh is called Ibn al-Ghasīl (Ibn Saʿd, 5/65–66; al-Balādhurī, 4 (2)/37, 43; al-Dhahabī, 3/321; Ibn Ḥajar, al-Iṣāba, 2/299). The second caliph, ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb, allotted ʿ…

Abū Umāma al-Bāhilī, Ṣudayy b. ʿAjlān b. Wahb (d. 86/705), was a member of the Qays ʿAylān tribe, and was a Companion of Muḥammad. Although the date of his death is known, there are disagreements about his age. According to one source, he was thirty years of age on the occasion of the ḥajjat al-widāʿ (the last pilgrimage of the Prophet Muḥammad, in the year 10/631) (see al-Bukhārī, 2(2)/326; Abū Zurʿa, 1/238), which would mean that he died when he was about one hundred and six years old. But other sources say he lived for ninety-one years (Ibn Qutayba, 309; cf. Ibn Saʿd, 7(2)/132). There is no exa…

Abū Nukhayla, Yaʿmur b. Ḥazn b. Zāʾida b. Laqīṭ al-Ḥimmānī, known as al-Rājiz (d. ca. 147/764), was a poet of the late Umayyad and early ʿAbbāsid eras. There are disagreements about his name and kunya. Referring to al-Aṣmaʿī and Abū ʿAmr al-Shaybānī, Abū al-Faraj takes Abū Nukhayla to be the poet's actual name and Abū al-Junayd and Abū al-ʿIrmās to be his kunyas (Abū al-Faraj, 20/390; Ibn Ḥabīb, 283). Ibn Qutayba considers Yaʿmur his name and Abū Nukhayla his kunya ( al-Shiʿr, 2/501; al-Āmidī, 296). His name was also recorded as Ḥabīb (Ibn ʿAsākir, 2/318). In addition, there…

Abū l-Aʿwar ʿAmr b. Sufyān b. ʿAbd Shams al-Sulamī (first/seventh century), of the tribe of Sulaym, was one of the commanders of Muslim expeditions in al-Shām (Syria) and one of the most distinguished supporters of the caliph Muʿāwiya (r. 41–60/661–80). His role was significant even before Muʿāwiya’s time: some sources recognise him as a Companion of the Prophet, though not a close one, in spite of his narrations of ḥadīth reported directly from the Prophet (Ibn ʿAsākir, 46:51), while other scholars asserted that he was only a follower and his narrations from the Prophet are indirect mursa…

In Band 4 | Erstes Kapitel: Alchimie-Chemie previous section Ḫālid b. Yazīd Der umaiyadische Prinz Ḫālid b. Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya wird in unseren arabischen Quellen als erster echter Araber genannt, der sich auf verschiedenen Gebieten der Naturwissenschaften, besonders der Alchimie, betätigte. Sein Geburtsjahr ist nicht bekannt. Nach der Überlieferung sind er und sein Bruder Muʿāwiya beim Tod des Vaters im Jahre 63/683 zu jung gewesen, um der Schwierigkeiten der Regierung Herr werden zu können1. Die Angaben über den Verlauf des Lebens von Ḫālid sind spärlich. Aus einer N…