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(t.), lit. “new troop”, a body of professional infantrymen of the Ottoman empire in its heyday. 1. Origins. The “new troop”, so-called not so much because of the novelty of the idea as because at the time of its introduction by the vizier K̲h̲ayr al-Dīn Pas̲h̲a [see d̲j̲andarli̊ ] in the 760s/1360s it opposed then-prevailing military traditions cherished by the frontier warriors. The predecessors of Murād I [ q.v.], rather than maintaining a standing army funded by the central fisc, had relied almost exclusively on the military services provided, on a voluntary …

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(a.), vizier or chief minister. I. In the Arab World 1. The ʿAbbāsids. Etymology The term wazīr occurs in the Ḳurʾān (XXV, 35: “We gave Moses the book and made his brother Aaron a wazīr with him”), where it has the sense of “helper”, a meaning well attested in early Islamic poetry (for examples, see Goitein, The origin of the vizierate, 170-1). Though several scholars have proposed Persian origins for the term and for the institution, there is no compelling reason to doubt the Arabic provenance of the term or an Arab-Islamic origin and evolution of the institution of the wazīr (cf. Goitein, op. ci…

(t.), Janissaires, «nouvelle troupe», corps de soldats de métier de l’infanterie à l’apogée de l’Empire ottoman. 1. Origines. La «nouvelle troupe», ainsi appelée non pas tant à cause de la nouveauté du concept que parce qu’à l’époque de sa création par le vizir Ḵh̲ayr al-dīn Pas̲h̲a (voir Ḏj̲andarli̊) dans les années 760/1360, celle-ci allait à l’encontre des traditions militaires prévalant alors et chères aux guerriers de la frontière. Les prédécesseurs de Murād Ier [ q.v.], plutôt que de maintenir une armée sur le pied de guerre payée par le Trésor Public, s’étaient…

1.  From 1300 to 1492 BackgroundThe Ottoman Empire (Ott. Tur. Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye; Tur. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu; Ar. al-Dawla al-ʿUthmānīyya) emerged from a group of Turkic principalities in western Anatolia. The conventional date for the foundation of the Ottoman state is 1299, when one Osman (r. 1299–1324), the son of Ertuğrul, made the town of Söğüt his capital and embarked on a series of raids against neighboring villages and towns. In 1302, the Ottomans faced and defeated the Byzantines for the first time in the Battle of Nicaea, whence Osman’s forces moved on to capture most…

(a.), vizir ou premier ministre. I. Dans le Monde Arabe 1. Les ʿAbbāsides. Etymologie On trouve le terme wazīr dans le Ḳurʾān (XXV, 35; «Nous avons donné à Moïse le livre et nous avons fait de son frère Aaron son wazīr»), où il signifie «assistant», sens qui est bien attesté dans la poésie du début de l’Islam (voir, pour des exemples, Goitein, The origin of the Vizierate, 170-1). Bien que plusieurs érudits aient proposé des origines persanes pour ce terme et pour cette institution, il n’existe pas de raison convaincante pour douter de la provenance arabe du te…

, the capital of the Ottoman Empire from 20 Ḏj̲umādā I 857/29 May 1453 to 3 Rabīʿ II 1342/13 October 1923. In strict Ottoman usage the name is confined to the area bounded by the Golden Horn, the Marmara coast and the Wall of Theodosius, the districts of G̲h̲alaṭa, Üsküdār and Eyyūb being separate townships, each with its own ḳāḍī ; occasionally however the name is applied to this whole area. NAME. In the period of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ sultanate of Anatolia (see Kamāl al-Dīn Aḳsarāyī, Musāmarat al- ak̲h̲bār , ed. O. Turan, Ankara 1944, index at p. 344) and under the early Ottomans ( Die altosm. anon. Chroni…

, capitale de l’empire ottoman du 20 d̲j̲umādā I 857/29 mai 1453 au 3 rabīʿ III342/13 octobre 1923. Dans l’usage ottoman strict, le nom d’Istanbul est réservé à la zone limitée par la Corne d’Or, la côte de la Marmara et le Mur de Théodose, le quartier de G̲h̲alaṭa, Üsküdār et Eyyūb constituant des communes distinctes possédant chacune son ḳāḍī; cependant le nom d’Istanbul est parfois appliqué à l’ensemble. Nom. A l’époque du sultanat sald̲j̲ūḳide d’Anatolie (voir Kamāl al-dm Aḳsarāyī, Musāmarat al-ak̲h̲bār, éd. O. Turan, Ankara 1944, index, 344) et sous les premiers Ottomans ( Die altosm…