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, the name of several Arab authors, of whom the following are the best known. 1. The historian of Damascus, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan b. Hibat Allāh Abu ’l-Ḳāsim T̲h̲iḳat al-Dīn al-S̲h̲āfīʿī born in Muḥarram 499 = Sept. 1105 in Damascus, studied in Bag̲h̲dād and the principal cities of Persia, became professor at the Madrasa al-Nūriya in his native city and died on the 11th Rad̲j̲ab = 25th January 1176. In his principal work, the Taʾrīk̲h̲ Madīnat Dimas̲h̲ḳ, he collected, after the fashion of the Taʾrīk̲h̲ Bag̲h̲dād of al-Ḵh̲aṭīb al-Bag̲h̲dādī, the biographies of all the men who had ever…

, Zain al-Dīn Abu ’l-Ḥusain Yaḥyā b. [ʿAbd al-]Muʿṭī b. ʿAbd al-Nūr al-Zawāwī al-Mag̲h̲ribī, known as Ibn Muʿṭī, was born in 564 (1168-9), He studied grammar and law in Algiers with Abū Mūsā al-Ḏj̲azūlī and then went to the east. He spent a very long time in Damascus, where he studied under the traditionist Ibn ʿAsāḳir and then taught grammar there. To earn a livelihood he also acted as a s̲h̲āhid. When the Aiyūbid al-Malik al-Kāmil visited the Syrian capital, he invited him to follow him to Egypt and appointed him professor of literature at the ʿAmr mosque in Cairo. Here he died on Monday the 30th …

, Taḳī al-Dīn Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm b. ʿAbd al-Salām b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. Taimīya al-Ḥarrānī al-Ḥanbalī, Arab theologian and jurist, was born on Monday 10th Rabīʿ I 661 = 22 January 1263 at Ḥarrān, near Damascus. Fleeing from the exactions of the Mongols, his father had taken refuge at Damascus with all his family, in the middle of the year 667 = 1268. In the capital of Syria, the young Aḥmad devoted himself to the study of Muslim sciences and followed his father’s lectures and those of Zain al-Dīn ¶ Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Dāʾim al-Muḳaddasī, Nad̲j̲m al-Dīn b. ʿAsākir, Z…

, a bare and rocky massif — the summit is over 4,000 feet high — commanding in the north-east the G̲h̲ūṭa [q.v.] and dominating Ṣāliḥīya, the suburb of Damascus. It lies between the valley of the Baradā [q. v.] and that of the Ḥalbūn. The Nahr Yazīd which flows out of the Baradā runs along the foot of Ḳāsiyūn. “There they venerate the birthplace of Abraham on the slope adjoining the village of Barza. This mountain has been famous since remote antiquity as a place of ascension and retreat of prop…

b. al-Walīd b. ʿAbd al-Malik, son of the Caliph Walīd I, and an Umm Walad. His knowledge earned him the title of ʿAlīm banī Marwān “the scholar of the Marwānid dynasty”, a title which a false reading sometimes gives to his brother Rawḥ b. al-Walīd. He was leader of the pilgrimage in 95 A. H. and took part in several invasions of Asia Minor. As admiral of the Egyptian fleet, he landed in Thrace and advanced ¶ as far as Adrianople. The date of his death is not known. He married Saʿdā, a divorced wife of Walīd II, took part in the rising against this Caliph and was still alive after his assassination. (H. Lam…

(the original form found in poetry; locally it is also pronounced Bait al-Rās with the emphasis more or less on the article; this spelling is also found in the histories of the Crusades), probably the ancient Capitolias, a ruined site of the Byzantine period, an hour’s journey to the northwest of which lies an insignificant village, of the Ḳaimaḳāmat of Irbid (ʿAd̲j̲lūn), of the same name. Fortified under the Byzantine Emperors, it is mentioned among the towns conquered in the Ḏj̲und of Jordan, of which it afterwards formed part. Its wine was praised by the pre-Islāmic poets, such a…

b. Marwān b. al-Ḥakam, third son of the Caliph Marwān and a Beduin woman of the Banū Kilāb, from whom her son inherited his partiality for the Ḳaisites. Marwān had placed him under the tutelage of his elder brother ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, but Bis̲h̲r left him to live with ʿAbd al-Malik, when the latter became Caliph. In his early youth he had borne a banner at the battle of Mard̲j̲ Rāhiṭ. On the death of Muṣʿab b. Zubair, ʿAbd al-Malik appointed him governor of Kūfa. He was fond of wine, musicians, and poet…

, Abū Ḏj̲aʿfar Mūḥammad b. Ḏj̲arīr, the Arab historian, was born probably in 839 (end of 224 or beg. 225 a. h.) at Āmul in the province of Ṭabaristān. He began to devote himself to study at a precociously early age, and is said to have known the Ḳurʾān by heart by the time he was seven. After receiving his early education in his native town, he received from his father who was quite well off the necessary means of visiting the centres of the Muslim learned world. He thus visited Raiy and its vicinity, then Bag̲h̲dād…

, Abū ’l-ḥasan ʿAlī, famous theologian, born at Baṣra in the year 260 (873-874), descendant of the above-named. The complete genealogy is: ʿAlī b. Ismāʿīl b. Isḥāḳ b. Sālim b. Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Mūsā b. Bilāl b. Abī Burda. Until his 40. year he was a zealous pupil of the Muʿtazilite theologian al-Ḏj̲ubbāʿī [q. v.], then on the occasion of a. dispute with his teacher on the fitness of God’s predeterminations disagreed with him and went his own way. But Spitta has shown that we have to do here …

In the form zunnārā this word occurs in Aramaic; in Syriac it is as old as Ephraem and means a girdle worn by monks. It comes obviously from a derivative of the Greek zōnē. In classical Arabic it denotes any girdle, especially that worn by d̲h̲immīs. Christians, Jews, Magians, etc. (As a rule only one or two of the protected religions are named by our authorities but, unless the contrary is stated, it is to be assumed that the statements apply to all). In modern Arabic it means the locks of hair worn by Jews on the “corners of the head” (L…

b. Alp Arslān, Tād̲j̲ al-Dawla, a Seld̲j̲ūḳ ruler in Syria, 471—488 (1079—1095). In 471, or according to Ibn ʿAsākir 472, Tutus̲h̲ took possession of Damascus, after he had been allotted Syria by his brother Sulṭān Maliks̲h̲āh. He had, it is true, to conquer this province first, for the Turkoman chief Atsi̊z [q. v.], a few years before, had taken Jerusalem and the whole of Palestine with the exception of a few fortresses from the Fāṭimids, but the latter had not given up their claim to the country a…

, according to the Arabic lexicon, means “to conceal a fault or defect in an article of merchandise from the purchaser”, and according to the traditionists, “to conceal the defects of the ḥadīt̲h̲, either in the text, in the chain of narrators or in the source”, i. e. the teacher from whom it is learnt. Tadlīs is of three kinds. They are: 1. tadlīs fi’l-isnād (tadlīs in the chain of narrators); 2. tadlīs fi ’l-matn (tadlīs in the text) and 3. tadlīs fi ’l-s̲h̲uyūk̲h̲ (tadlīs in the teacher from whom the tradition is learnt). a. Tadlīs in the chain of narrators. It is classified under sev…

(plural kanāʾis), synagogue, church, the arabicised form of the Aramaic kenīs̲h̲tā “meeting (place), school, synagogue” (cf. J. Levy, Neuhebr. und Chald. Wörterbuch, ii. 359 sq.). The Syriac form kenūs̲h̲tā in the Pes̲h̲ittā on the New Testament is a rendering of συναγωγή and sometimes also of ἐκκλησία (cf. Payne Smith, Thesaurus Syr., i. col. 1773), whereas the form kenīs̲h̲tā in Christian Western Aramaic represents συναγωγή as well as ἐκκλησία (cf. Schulthess, Lex. Syropal., Berlin 1903, p. 95). The latter term is nearly always rendered by ʿīdt̲ā in the Pes̲h̲ittā The Lisān al-ʿAr…

, the principal residence of the Ḏj̲afnid Amīrs of G̲h̲assān, whence called “Ḏj̲ābiya of the Kings”, in Ḏj̲awlān, a day’s journey S. E. of Damascus. It covered several small hills, whence perhaps is derived the poetical form Ḏj̲awābī of the plural, with an allusion to the etymological meaning of “reservoir”, as a metaphor for generosity, (cf. Miskīn al-Dārimī, Ag̲h̲ānī, xviii. 72, 5). It was the perfect type of the ancient Ḥirthā, the Ḥīra of the Beduins, of the bādiya, a large encampment, a collection of dwellings, half nomad and half sedentary, a confused ¶ mass of tents and buildings…

Abu ’l-Ḳāsim ʿOmar b. Aḥmad….. b. Abī Ḏj̲arāda b. al-ʿAdīm al-ʿUḳailī, historian of Aleppo, a member of the highly esteemed family of notables, the Banū Ḏj̲arāda, whose ancestor had migrated from Baṣra into Syria with other members of the tribe of ʿUḳail about 200 (815) on account of a pestilence and had settled as a merchant in Aleppo, born in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 588 (Dec. 1192; in the Fawāt wrongly 586), the son of a Ḥanafī ḳāḍi, whose office had been hereditary in the family for four generations. After studying in his native city, in Jerusalem, to which his …

, viceroy of the ʿIrāḳ. The sources call him sometimes son of Sumaiya or son of ʿUbaid, sometimes son of Abū Sufyān, most frequently however Ibn Abīhi: a solution which can only be described as one of despair but it is the most non-committal of all as regards historical truth. Partisans and enemies of the Omaiyads have for different motives confused the genealogy of this individual as they pleased. Ziyād’s mother was Sumaiya, a slave girl of Ṭāʾif, a courtesan by profession, adds the anti-Omaiya…

S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn Abū’l-Ḳāsim ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Ismāʿīl, Arab historian and philologist, born in Damascus on the 23d Rabīʿ II 599 (10th January 1203). He studied in his native town and then in Alexandria philology and jurisprudence, and after he returned home he obtained a professorship in the Madrasa al-Ruknīya. As he had drawn on himself suspicion of a crime, he was killed by an excited mob on the 19th Ramaḍān 665 (13th June 1268). — His chief work is a history of the sultans Nūr al-Dīn and Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn, entitled Kitāb al-rawḍatain fī ak̲h̲bār al-dawlatain, in which he almost entirely re…

, an Arab tribe (the name is triptote although in several European editions of Arabic texts we find it wrongly vocalised as a diptote). They inhabited, at least from the sixth century a. d., the mountainous territory between al-Ṭāʾif and al-Nad̲j̲rān along the caravan route from Yemen to Mekka. Historiographical theory on the migrations of the tribes which is bound up with their genealogical systématisation, makes them settle at the time of the separation of the sons of Maʿadd, in the mountains of al-Sarāt [q.v.], from which th…

b. Muḥammed b. Ḥanbal, known by the name of Ibn Ḥanbal, celebrated Islāmic theologian, a member of the Arab family of S̲h̲aibān, born at Bagdad in Rabīʿ I 164 (November 780). During his studies in his native town (till 183 = 799) and on very extensive student travels, which brought him over ʿIrāḳ, Syria and Ḥid̲j̲āz to Yemen, he aimed chiefly at adapting himself to the study of ḥadīt̲h̲. [q. v.]. After he had returned home, he took lessons from al-S̲h̲āfīʿī in fiḳh and in his uṣūl(195 — 197 == 810—813). His religious turn of mind was in creed and law unalterably determined by the…

, a companion of the Prophet. His nisba al-Dārī is said to be derived from the clan of the Banū ’l-Dār (for ʿAbd al-Dār, according to Wellhausen, Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, iv. 108, note 4), a section of the tribe of Lak̲h̲m [q.v.]. Al-Nawawī however ( Tahd̲h̲īb al-Asmāʾ, ed. Wüstenfeld, p. 178) gives him the nisba of al-Dairī, said to be derived from the convent ( dair) in which he was a monk before his conversion to Islām. His genealogy was: Tamīm b. Aws b. Ḵh̲ārid̲j̲a b. Sawād (var. Sūd) b. Ḏj̲ad̲h̲īma b. Darāʿ (var. Ḏh̲irāʿ, Widāʿ) b. ʿAdī b. al-Dār b. Hāni…