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also called Māhpeiker, the wife of the Ottoman Sulṭān Aḥmad I [q. v.] and mother of the Sulṭāns Murād IV and Ibrāhīm I. — Kösem (lit.: “bell-wether”, “courageous”) or Māhpeiker was a Greek by birth. In 1637 she was about 45, so must have been born about 1592. Contemporary accounts describe her as a woman, still beautiful even at an advanced age, with fine features, vigorous looking, with an expression of benevolence and superior intelligence. For nearly thirty years this statesmanlike princess exe…

, also called Ṣari̊ K. Pas̲h̲a, an Ottoman Grand Admiral. He was a Russian (? Circassian) by birth and came as a slave into the service of Baḳi̊rd̲j̲i Aḥmad Pas̲h̲a, Ottoman governor of Egypt. On the latter’s execution he was taken by Sulṭān Murād IV into the Serai and educated there. He was promoted to be Ag̲h̲a of the stirrup-holders (Rikiāb-dār ag̲h̲asi) (Chronicle of Wed̲j̲īhī, fol. 91b of the Vienna MS.), became a favourite of Sulṭān Ibrāhīm after his accession (Febr., 1640) and married his daughter ʿĀtike Sulṭāne. He was at the same time appointed third …

, in popular speech usually Čanaḳ Kalʿesi (‘Pot-castle’), the town and fortifications known to Europeans as the Dardanelles, the chief place in the sand̲j̲aḳ of Bīg̲h̲a [q. v., I, 716, cf. also Dardanelles, I, 922], situated at the narrowest part of the straits. The modern settlement has taken the place of the very ancient seaport of Ab y dos; the latter name, indeed, survived down to the xvith century on Italian charts in the form Avido, Aveo, as the name for Ḳalʿe-i Sulṭānīye (the bay: la bocca d’Aveo). While the form Andus [q. v.] found in Yāḳūt, Muʿd̲j̲am (ed. Wüstenfeld), i. 374 also i…