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(d. 871/1466), founder of ¶ the Girāy dynasty of K̲h̲āns of the Crimea. On his coins he calls himself ‘al-Sulṭān Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Kerey b. G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn K̲h̲ān’ (see O. Retovski, Die Münzen der Girei , Moscow 1905, nos. 1-4); according to Abu ’l-G̲h̲āzī Bahādur K̲h̲ān ( S̲h̲ad̲j̲ara-i Turk , ed. Riḍā Nūr, Istanbul 1925, 184) his father and grandfather were G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn and Tas̲h̲-timur respectively (cf. M. Riḍā, al-Sabʿ al-sayyār , 69-71). The identification of him with Dewlet-berdi (V. D. Smirnov, Kri̊mskoe k̲h̲anstvo ..., St. Petersburg 1887, 221…

is the ordinary word for farm in Turkish, but in the Ottoman times it designated, at first, a certain unit of agricultural land in the land-holding system, and then, later on, a large estate. It was formed from čift (pair, especially a pair of oxen) from the Persian d̲j̲uft with the Turkish suffix, lik . Originally, a čiftlik was thought of as the amount of land that could be ploughed by two oxen. Čift and čiftlik were used synonymously. In the Slav areas of the Ottoman empire the term bas̲h̲tina was often substituted for čiftlik. In the Ottoman land-holding system during the period in which the tīm…

, Ottoman name of an ʿörfī ( ʿurfī ) tax levied on adult non-Muslim subjects, and amounting usually to 25 aḳčas a year. Neither of the expianations advanced for its etymology ( pend̲j̲ik [ q.v.], Hammer-Purgstall, Staatsverfassung , i, 213; spenza : C. Truhelka, in THIM, i, 63) is convincing; in texts of the first half of the 9th/15th century ( e.g. H. İnalcık (ed.), Sûret-i Defter-i Sancak-i Arvanid , Ankara 1954, p. 130) it is spelied ispenĉe . The oldest reference to this tax belong to the reign of Bāyezīd I ( Arvanid , p. 103). According to this register (of 835…

, Turkish word meaning ‘volunteer’, in the Ottoman Empire used as a term (sometimes with the pseudo-Persian plural gönüllüyān , in Arabic sources usually rendered d̲j̲amulyān or kamulyān ) for three related institutions: 1. From the earliest times of the Ottoman state, volunteers coming to take part in the fighting were known as gönüllü ; their connexion with the mutaṭawwi-ʿa , g̲h̲āzīs [ qq.v.], of earlier Muslim states is evident (see M. F. Köprülü, Les origines de l’ Empire Ottoman , Paris 1936, 102-3; İ. H. Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı devleti teşkilâtına medhal , Is…

, also d̲j̲ebelü , in the Ottoman empire an auxiliary soldier equipped by those to whom the state assigned a source of income such as tīmār , čiftlik , waḳf etc. The word d̲j̲ebeli is made by adding the suffix - li or - lü to the word d̲j̲ebe, arms (cf. Mogollarin gizli tarihi , tr. A. Ternir, Ankara 1948, 75; in the Ottoman army the d̲j̲ebed̲j̲i-bas̲h̲i̊ was the superintendent of the arms store at the Porte, see I. H. Uzunçarşili, Kapi̊kulu ocaklari̊ , ii, Ankara 1944, 3-31). In the 15th century the arms of a d̲j̲ebeli consisted mainly of a lance, bow and arrow, a sword, and a shield (cf. Ḳānūnnāme Sult…

(918/1512-985/1577), styled the Taḥt-alg̲h̲an or Dag̲h̲ti̊-alg̲h̲an (Conqueror of the ¶ Capital), K̲h̲ān of the Crimea from 958/1551 to 985/1577. He was the son of Mubārek Giray, and was appointed ḳalg̲h̲ay , first heir to the throne, by Saʿādet Giray K̲h̲ān in 938/1532. When he was made K̲h̲ān in 958/1551 with the firm support of the Ottomans, the latter increased their influence in the Crimea. He vigorously continued the anti-Russian policy of his predecessor, and made an alliance with the Jagellons a…

, the capital of the Ottoman Empire from 20 Ḏj̲umādā I 857/29 May 1453 to 3 Rabīʿ II 1342/13 October 1923. In strict Ottoman usage the name is confined to the area bounded by the Golden Horn, the Marmara coast and the Wall of Theodosius, the districts of G̲h̲alaṭa, Üsküdār and Eyyūb being separate townships, each with its own ḳāḍī ; occasionally however the name is applied to this whole area. NAME. In the period of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ sultanate of Anatolia (see Kamāl al-Dīn Aḳsarāyī, Musāmarat al- ak̲h̲bār , ed. O. Turan, Ankara 1944, index at p. 344) and under the early Ottomans ( Die altosm. anon. Chroni…

, Crimean Tatar K̲h̲ān, the third son of Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Selīm Giray [ q.v.], born on Rhodes in S̲h̲aʿbān 1091/July 1680. In 1108/1697 he became temporary commander of the military forces in Bud̲j̲āḳ [ q.v.] and made a successful raid into Poland. During the negotiations at Carlowicz, he remained in defense of Ferah-Kerman, but Örek-Timur the beg of the rebel S̲h̲irins, forced him to take refuge in Kiliya (Rabīʿ al-Āk̲h̲ir 1111/October 1699). He was afterwards appointed military commander of Chrcassia, where he fought the Kalmuks (…

, ḳapi̊ ag̲h̲asi̊ (or Bāb al-Saʿāde Ag̲h̲asi̊ ), the senior officer in the Ottoman Sultan’s Palace, until the dār al-saʿāde ag̲h̲asi̊ [ q.v.] began to gain ascendancy in the late 10th/16th century. Like the other Palace ag̲h̲as in continuous service, the Sultan himself selected him from the eunuchs. He had the authority to petition the Sultan for the appointment, promotion and transfer of Palace servants, ag̲h̲a s and ič og̲h̲lan s [ qq.v.]. As the sole mediator between the Sultan and the world outside the Palace, he sat at the gate known as the Inner Gate or Bāb al-…

, Ottoman Grand Vizier. Born in Serbia, he was taken into Murād II’s palace as an iç-og̲h̲lani̊ and became for a short time beglerbegi of Rūm (Toḳat) under Meḥmed (Muḥammad) II before being appointed beglerbegi of Anatolia in 1461. He kept this post until he was made a vizier in 1470. He played a decisive role in consolidating the new conquests in Anatolia against the Ḳaramanids and Aḳ Ḳoyunlus. He first distinguished ¶ himself by capturing Koyli̊ Ḥiṣār (1461). In 1469-72 he subdued the mountainous part of Ḳaraman-ili and its coastal area, taking ʿAlāʾiyya in 1471, …

, the name of three Ḵh̲āns of the Crimea. Islām Girāy I (938/1532) was the son of Mengli Girāy [ q.v.]. As the leader of the party wishing to follow an independent policy, he embarked on a struggle with his brother, the k̲h̲ān Saʿādet Girāy, the appointée of the Ottoman sultan, enjoying the support of the Crimean tribal aristocracy, who wished to wage unrelenting war on the Russians. With this following, in 933/1527 he ravaged the region of Ryazan and threatened Moscow. In 938/1532, Saʿādet Girāy, assisted by the O…

, Ḵh̲ān of the Crimea, reigned for about six months in 930/1523-4. He was proclaimed k̲h̲ān in Muḥarram 930/November 1523 after conspiring with the Crimean begs to rebel against his father Meḥmed Girāy I [ q.v.] and procuring his death. The Ottoman Sultan (Süleymān I) refused to recognize him and, in agreement with Memis̲h̲ Beg of the S̲h̲īrīn, the leader of the begs, appointed as k̲h̲ān G̲h̲āzī Girāy’s uncle Saʿādet Girāy (Ḏj̲umādā II 930/April 1524). G̲h̲āzī Girāy, unable to resist, accepted Memis̲h̲ Beg’s proposal that he should be ḳalg̲h̲ay ([ q.v.] ‘heir-apparent’) to Saʿādet Gi…

The Arabic word rasm , in Turkish resm , resim , means in Ottoman usage state practices and organisations as distinguished from those based on Islamic principles and traditions. Specifically, the word indicates taxes and dues introduced by the state called rüsūm-i ʿurfiyye [see ʿurf ] as distinguished from the s̲h̲arʿī taxes which are called ḥuḳūḳ-i̊ s̲h̲erʿiyye . In the Ottoman Empire, resm was sometimes called ḥaḳḳ in the sense of legal right, as in the term ḥaḳḳ-i̊ ḳarār , a fee which asipahī or feudal cavalryman took when vacant mīrī [ q.v.] land was assigned to a peasant. The term resm is …

, sometimes given the title of “Beg”. His father, Ḳara Ḥaydar, is mentioned in the sources simply as a brigand; according to Ewliyā Čelebi ( Seyāḥatnāme , iv, 472-3, and cf. Naʿīmā, iv, 240) he took to the mountains in about 1050/1640 and began to plunder caravans in the passes between Eskis̲h̲ehir and Izmir (Smyrna). During the Grand Vizierate of Ḳara Muṣṭafā (and hence before 1052/1643, when the vizier was executed), a nefīr-i ʿāmm against Ḳara Ḥaydar was proclaimed in Anatolia, i.e., the civilian population was impressed in the hunt. He was surrounded near Uluborlu and killed. The first …

, from the Arabic iyāla , “management, administration, exercise of power” (cf. Turkish translation of Fīrūzābādī’s Ḳāmūs by ʿĀṣim, Istanbul 1250/1834, iii, 135); in the Ottoman empire the largest administrative division under a beglerbegi [ q.v.], governor-general. In this sense it was officially used after ¶ 1000/1591. The assumption that under Murād III the empire was divided up into eyālets (M. d’Ohsson, Tableau général de l’empire ottoman , vii, 277) must be an error since the term does not occur in the documents of the period. Instead we always find beglerbegilik and wilāyet ( wilāy…

, “the Land of the Covenant”, was considered as a temporary and often intermediate territory between the Dār al-Islām [ q.v.] and the Dār al-Ḥarb [ q.v.] by some Muslim jurists (see Al-S̲h̲āfiʿī, Kitāb al-Umm , Cairo 1321, iv, 103-104; Yaḥyā b. Ādam, Kitāb al-K̲h̲arād̲j̲ , trans. A. ben Shemesh, Leiden 1958, 58). Al-Māwardī ( Kitāb al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyya , trans. E. Fagnan, Algiers 1915, 291) states that of the lands which pass into the hands of the Muslims by agreement, that called Dār al-ʿAhd is the one the proprietorship of whi…

, a country in the Balkans. It drew its name from the Bulgare, a people of Turkic origin, who first invaded the Dobrud̲j̲a [ q.v.] under Asparuk̲h̲ or Isperik̲h̲ in 679 A.D. and founded an independent state in the Byzantine province of Moesia. Adopting Orthodox Christianity from Byzantium (865) and identifying themselves with the native Slavs who had previously settled Bulgaria, the Bulgare built up a strong empire in the Balkans which extended from the Danube to the Adriatic Sea under Czar Symeon (893-927). The first Islamic accounts of Bulgaria belonged to this period through…

(in Turkish G̲h̲urebā ), pl. of A. g̲h̲arīb , Ottoman term for the two lowest of the six cavalry regiments ( Alti̊ Bölük ) of the Ḳapi̊-ḳullari̊ . The regiment riding on the Sultan’s right was known as G̲h̲urebāʾ-i yemīn ( Sag̲h̲ g̲h̲arībler , Sag̲h̲ g̲h̲arībyigitler ), that riding on his left as G̲h̲urebāʾ-i yesār ( Sol g̲h̲arībler , Sol gharīb-yigitler ). The oldest terms used for them are g̲h̲arīb-yigitler and g̲h̲arīb-og̲h̲lanlar (see F. Babinger, Die Aufzeichnungen des Genuesen Iacopo de Promontorio . . ., SBBayer . Ak., Jg. 1956, Heft 8, Munich 1957, 30; Ordo Portae …

, southern Bessarabia (the name Bessarabia formerly denoting only Bud̲j̲āḳ). In Turkish bud̲j̲āḳ ( bud̲j̲g̲h̲aḳ in the Turkish of the Kumans who had settled here earlier) means ‘corner’. This area, from 638/1241 on, had formed part of the empire of the Golden Horde [see batuʾids ]. When it was in decline, the area was occupied temporarily by the voyvode of Wallachia (ca. 746/1345), and later by the voyvode of Bog̲h̲dān [ q.v.] around 802/1400. As a result of the joint action of the Ottoman and the Crimean Tatars ¶ first Aḳ-Kirmān and Kili in 889/1484, and then the whole of Bud̲j̲āḳ…

, known as Bora (‘tempest’), twice Ḵh̲ān of the Crimea (996/1588-1005/1596 ¶ and 1005/1596-1016/1607). Born in 961/1554, he first distinguished himself in 986/1578 as general of Crimean forces operating in support of the Ottomans against Persia, and won the regard of Özdemir-og̲h̲lu ʿOt̲h̲mān Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.] (ʿĀlī, Kunh al-ak̲h̲bār , MS; idem, Nuṣret-nāme , MS Istanbul, Esad Ef. [Süleymaniye] 2433; Āṣafī, S̲h̲ed̲j̲āʿat-nāme , MS Istanbul Un. Lib. 6043; Iskandar Muns̲h̲ī, Taʾrīk̲h̲-i ʿālam-ārā-yi ʿAbbāsī , Tehrān 1314, 191, 197). Taken prisoner b…