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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Macedonia, Macedones (Λυχνιδός, Λυχνίς; Lychnidós, Lychnís). Capital city of the Illyrian Dassaretae ( Dassaretia) on the via Egnatia (Str. 7,7,4; It. Ant. 318), modern Ohrid in Macedonia on Lake Ohrid. Subjugated by Philip II (Diod. Sic. 16,8,1). It minted its own bronze coins under Philip V (obverse: Macedonian shield; reverse: bow of a ship and ΛΥΧΝΙΔ(Ι)ΩΝ). In 197 BC, L. with its territory fell to the Illyrian king Pleuratus (Pol. 5,108; 18,47,12; Liv. 27,32,9; 33,34,11). From 146 BC, L. belonged to the Roman province of Ma…

[German version] [1] City in Pannonia superior This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae | Pannonia City in Pannonia superior (It. Ant. 262,10), 18 miles from Savaria on the road to Arrabona and  Brigetio, near Sárvár on the middle section of the river Raab.   Šašel Kos, Marjeta (Ljubljana) [German version] [2] Roman city of  Pannonia inferior Roman city of  Pannonia inferior, near today's Petrovci and Putinci in eastern Srem on the road from Sirmium to Taurunum, in the region of the Scordisci and the pre-Celtic Amantini (CIL III 3224; Ptol.…

[German version] Town (Tab. Peut. 5,2; Geogr. Rav. 4,16; CIL XIII 6538) that developed partly from a Dalmatian settlement near Balina Glavica (near Drnis̆, Bosnia-Herzegovina, probably identical with Sinotium/Synodium: Str. 7,5,5; App. Ill. 78) and partly from a vicus close to the auxiliary camp near Umljanivići. Beneficiarii succeeded the auxiliary unit (cf. CIL III 9790; 14957ff.). Probably, MM was already a municipium under emperor M. Aurelius (cf. CIL III 9798). Šašel Kos, Marjeta (Ljubljana) Bibliography M. Zaninović, Ilirsko pleme Delmati II [The Illyrian Tribe of…

[German version] People in northern Dalmatia between the Istrian Arsia (modern Raša) and the Titius (modern Krka; Plin HN 3,139) including the islands off the coast and the town of Promona claimed by the Dalmatae on the other bank of the Titius (App Ill. 34; cf. Ps.-Scymn. 21). The mountain ranges of Učka, Gorski Kotar and Velebit in the eastern hinterland separate L. from the Iapodes. In the 3rd cent. BC, the latter gained access to the Adriatic at the Bay of Kvran at the expense of the L. The …

[German version] Road or postal and toll station, important pass (563 m, today Trojane/Slovenia) through the hills which separate  Emona from  Celeia, on the border between Italy and Noricum (It. Ant. 129,3; It. Hierosolymitanum 560,9; Tab. Peut. 4,2). Name of a pre-Celtic position of beneficiarii consulares. Findings from the Roman era: fragments of two gilt statues of horses, inscriptions, small findings, imperial era buildings (restored mansio, sanctuary?); documented in an inscription dating from the reign of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. Šašel Kos, Marjeta (Ljublja…

[German version] Celtic tribe (cf. triumph of M. Aemilius Scaurus de Galleis Karneis: CIL I 12,49), who may have arrived at the Adriatic coast towards the end of the 3rd cent. BC. C. are first mentioned in 181 BC as inhabiting the region later known as  Aquileia: Liv. 39,22,6f.; 40,34,2; 45,6; 54,2ff. According to Str. 4,6,9, they occupied the hinterland of Aquileia, together with some Norici ( Noricum) and the  Veneti (5,1,9); their relationship with these is not quite clear as, according to Str. 7,5,3, th…

[German version] Probably Thracian city (cf. the name), today Dolus Kozjak (Štip region, Macedonia), on the road Oescus - Serdica - Stobi. Peak in late Roman times; probably assumed the status of the old Paeonian centre Astibus. Bargalaenses are mentioned in a Lat. inscription from AD 371/2 (construction of the city gate by order of Antonius Alypius, governor of Dacia Mediterranea). At the end of the 4th cent., the inhabitants moved to the safer area of Goren Kozjak, which was 2 km away and situat…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Moesi, Moesia Municipium in the late 2nd cent. AD, possibly under Septimius Severus (CIL III 12732); after AD 230 colonia m( etalli?) D( omaviani) (CIL III 12728f.) in the prov. Dalmatia, now Gradina close to Sas (near Srebrenica, Bosnia-Herzegovina); from no later than Marcus Aurelius a centre of administration of both the Pannonian and the Dalmatian mines ( procurator metallorum Pannon[ icorum] et Delmat[ icorum], CIL III 12721), that were developed in the area around Srebrenica; the mining district was called Argentaria …

[German version] A system of late Roman fortifications in the frontier and trade zone between the towns of Emona, Forum Iulii, Tergeste and Tarsatica at the northeastern entrance of Italy (Illyro-Italian gate), supported in part by the natural barriers of the mountainous Karst landscape. It was mentioned repeatedly by ancient authors from Herodianus to Prosper Tiro and parts have been archaeologically explored. Literary evidence: Amm. Marc. 31,11,3. Šašel Kos, Marjeta (Ljubljana) Bibliography B. Saria, s.v. Nauportus (1), RE 16,2, 2011f. J. Šašel, P. Petru (ed.), Claustra A…

[German version] (modern Drim, Albanian Drini). River formed in Albania near Kukësi from the union of the Beli Drim (Drini i Bardhë, which rises at the foot of the mountain Rusolije in Kosovo) and the Crni Drim (Drini i Zi), which emerges from Lichnidus lacus, modern Lake Ohrid, Macedonia/Albania. Ptol. 2,16,6 is almost correct in observing that the river flows from the Scardus mons (modern Šar planina in Macedonia) and another (unnamed) mountain through the interior of Moesia superior. Str. 7,5,7 describes its course as navigable eastwards to Dardania. The Romans termed it wrongly Dirin…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pannonia Ancient settlement (no prehistoric finds, the name is possibly pre-Celtic or Venetian) in the territory of the  Varciani, modern Ščitarjevo near Velika Gorica, 12 km south-east of Zagreb. River port, loading and rafting station on the  Savus (on an ancient trade route, cf. the myth of the  Argonauts), on the road from Siscia to Poetovio, later a   municipium Flavium in the province of  Pannonia. A.'s   patronus was the governor L.  Funisulanus Vettonianus (ILS 1005). Remains of the l…

[German version] Important statio between Fluvio Frigido and Longaticum (It. Burd. 560,3 f.), on the Augustan military route (cf. Fest. p. 7) which was built across the karst mountains (867 m) in order to shorten travel time from  Aquileia and  Tergeste to  Emona by two days. The native name (disputed) was understood to be ‘under the pear tree’, therefore the modern names of Hrušica, Birnbaumer Wald, Selva del Pero. A. was a posting station (Tab. Peut. 4,5), a statio of   beneficiarii consulares (Inscr. Ital. 10,4,348), and one of the fortifications within the praetentura Italiae et Al…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Legio | Moesi, Moesia Roman legion camp and municipium (now Šupljaja/Šuplja crkva -- camp, and Ivoševci near Kistanje -- municipium in the wider area of Knin, Croatia) on the Titius (Krka), centre of the local Liburnian Burnistae, one of the 14 Liburnian civitates that were administered by the conventus in  Scardona (Plin. HN 3,139; 3,142; Ptol. 2,16,10; Tab. Peut. 5,1), important Roman base during the occupation of  Illyricum, certainly during the wars of the future Augustus in 35-33 BC when the building of a Dalmatian limes …

[German version] Right-hand tributary of the Savus (Sava), modern Drina (length: 346 km); Ptol. 2,16,7 records that the D. flows west of Taurunum (Zemun) into the Savus. The D. is formed from the union of the Tara and Piva in the border region of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro; it forms the border between Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia. In some sources the name D. was erroneously applied to the river  Drilon, no doubt because both rivers flow close to each other in the extreme north of Albania. A road station ad Drinum (modern Brodac, north of Bijeljina) is mentioned in Tab. Peu…

[German version] Like Tragurium a colony of Greeks from Issa on the mainland south of Salona (later province Dalmatia), in a fertile region, well protected by its position on a peninsula, today Stobreč/Croatia (cf. Pol. 32,9; Ptol. 2,16,4; Tab. Peut. 5,3: Epetio, Portus Epetius; Geogr. Rav. 4,16 or 209,5: Epitio). Probably founded in the 3rd cent. BC (the protected harbour was used already in the 4th cent. BC) and most assuredly some amount of time before 158 BC when Issa complained that both settlements were attacked by the  Dalmatae (Pol. 32…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Roman municipium (at the time of Emperor Hadrian?) in the upper Pliva valley, province of Dalmatia; today Šipovo (Bosnia-Herzegovina); its city status is confirmed by CIL III 13982, with the formula [l(ocus)] d(atus) d(ecreto) d(ecurionum). Widely scattered urban habitats. B. was developed in the mining area of Sinjakovo near Majdan, along the important Roman road Salona -- Servitium (Tab. Peut. 5,2: Baloea), not far from the road Salviae - Sarnade -- Leusaba - Servitium (It. Ant. 268). Flourished in t…

[German version] A powerful people, said to be Illyrian; attested from the 4th cent. BC; later known as pirates. According to Str. 7,5,5 the A. settled on the  Naro, opposite the island of Pharus, near the Daorsi and the  Pleraei (cf. Ptol. 2,16,8; otherwise Papazoglu, who places the A. in the area of southern Illyria (Montenegro)). Inland (perhaps on the upper Naro, or near Lacus Labeatis) their territory bordered on that of the Autariatae, with whom they disputed the salt springs (Str. 7,5,11; c…

(also Hilluricum, Hillyricum, Illuricum). The first Roman province on the eastern Adriatic coast, in 167 BC organized as a Roman territory, formerly part of the Illyrian kingdom. [German version] A. State of research Understanding of the term I. varies. The discussion on the ‘Illyrian question’ reached its climax with Panillyrianism, which saw the Illyrians as the bearers of the Urnfield culture (cf. the publications of H. Krahe, but whose conclusions have since been thoroughly revised). From the beginning to the collapse of th…

[English version] Wie Tragurium eine Kolonie von Griechen aus Issa auf dem Festland südl. von Salona (später Prov. Dalmatia), in fruchtbarer Gegend, gut geschützt durch die Lage auf einer Halbinsel, h. Stobreč/Kroatien (vgl. Pol. 32,9; Ptol. 2,16,4; Tab. Peut. 5,3: Epetio, Portus Epetius; Geogr. Rav. 4,16 bzw. 209,5: Epitio). Wahrscheinlich im 3. Jh.v.Chr. gegr. (der geschützte Hafen wurde schon im 4. Jh.v.Chr. genutzt) und sicherlich einige Zeit vor 158 v.Chr., als sich Issa beklagte, daß beide Siedlungen durch die Dalmatae angegriffen würde…

[English version] Bedeutende statio zw. Fluvio Frigido und Longaticum (Itin. Burdig. 560,3 f.), an der augusteischen Militärroute (vgl. Fest. p. 7), die durch das Karst-Gebirge (867 m) gebaut wurde, um die Strecke von Aquileia, Tergeste nach Emona um zwei Reisetage zu verkürzen. Der einheimische Name (ungeklärt) wurde als “beim Birnbaum gelegen” verstanden, daher die modernen Namen Hrušica (Birnbaumer Wald, Selva del Pero). A. war Poststation (Tab. Peut. 4,5), Station von beneficiarii consulares (Inscr. Ital. 10,4,348) und eine der Befestigungen innerhalb der praetentura Ita…