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Jackals איים
(443 words)
I. Name The noun
ʾiyyîm, the plural of I אִי*, is attested in
Isa. 13.22;
Isa. 34.14 (1QIsa.a
ʾyyʾmym [?]) and
Jer. 50.39. It is generally derived either from Eg.
jw or
jwjw ‘dog’ (cf. Arab.
ibn ʾāwā ‘jackal’) or from III אִי* (< אִיִּי*) ‘(ghostly) islander, beach demon, goblin’ (
HALAT 37;
Ges.18 44). The ancient versions (LXX ὀνοκένταυροι, Vg.
sirenes, onocentauri, fauni) imagine a tailless ape, or in a derived sense an impure demon. Even if the meaning of the word
ʾiyyîm is controversial, nothing speaks against the assumption that a zoologically definable species can
also be meant…
Satyrs שׂעירים
(1,052 words)
I. Name The word
śĕʿîrîm, the plural of
śăʿîr ‘hairy’ (
Gen. 27.11 and often), i.e. ‘(hairy) he-goat’ (over 50 examples, in addition to its synonyms
ʿattûd ‘he-goat’,
ṣāpîr and
tayiš), describes a group of creatures which are usually identified as ‘hairy demons, satyrs’ (
Lev. 17.7;
Isa. 13.21;
Isa. 34.14;
2 Chr. 11.15;
HALAT 1250; for older translations see Snaith 1975). The conjectured reading
śĕʿîrîm for MT
šĕʿārîm ‘gates’ in
2 Kgs. 23.8 is old (
BHS), but is to be rejected on the basis of current knowledge (Schroer 1987: 133 with n. 292). On
śĕʿîrîm in
Deut. 32.2 …
Wild Beasts ציים
(1,174 words)
I. Name
ṣiyyîm, sg.
ṣî (< צִיִּי*), is a plural derivative from the feminine noun
ṣiyyâ, which appears as an adjective to
ʾereṣ ‘land’ with the meaning ‘dry’ and as a noun with the meaning ‘dry land’ (cf.
ṣāyôn
Isa. 25.5;
Isa. 32.2). The word is certainly attested only in
Isa. 13.21;
Isa. 34.14; and
Jer. 50.39; it is possibly to be found in Pss. 72.9; Pss. 74.14 (for its reflection in the ancient versions see Müller 1989:990). In understanding the occurrence of
ṣiyyîm in
Isa. 23.13 its homonyms
ṣiyyîm I ‘ships’ (
Num. 24.24;
Isa. 33.21;
Ezek. 30.9;
Dan. 11.30) and
ṣiyyîm II ‘dese…
Azazel עזאזל
(2,186 words)
I. Name Both the etymology and the meaning of the name
ʿazāʾzēl, which appears in the Old Testament only in
Lev. 16.8,
Lev. 10 [twice],
Lev. 26, are not completely clear. Although the etymological hypothesis
ʿzʾzl < *
ʿzzʾl <
ʿzz (‘to be strong’) +
ʾl (‘god’), i.e. the result of a consonantal metathesis, appears to be the most likely explanation (Janowski & Wilhelm 1993:128 with n. 98, cf. the form
ʿzzʾl in 4Q 180, 1:8; 11QTemple 26:13f etc., see Tawil 1980:58–59), the meaning of the name
ʿzʾzl remains controversial. In the main the following possibilities are under discussion (cf. also
HALAT…
