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, also written Bas̲h̲d̲j̲ird, Bas̲h̲g̲h̲irt, Bās̲h̲g̲h̲ird and Bas̲h̲ḳird (or Bās̲h̲ḳurd), the Arabic name for the Bās̲h̲ḳirs and Magyars. The Bās̲h̲ḳirs whose territory corresponds roughly to the modern districts of Ufa and Orenburg are first briefly mentioned by Iṣṭak̲h̲rī (ed. de Goeje, p. 225 and 227) and a more detailed account of ¶ them is given by Ibn Faḍlān (Yāḳūt, i. 468 et seq.). The land of the Bās̲h̲ḳirs was then, as it still is in part, covered with forest and their numbers very small (according to Iṣṭak̲h̲rī only 2000 men). They were subject …

, a prince of Transoxiana (Mā warāʾ al-Nahr) of the house of the Ilek-Ḵh̲āns. Nothing is known of the details of his genealogical relationships with the other princes of this house; according to Ibn al-At̲h̲īr (ed. Tornb. ix. 323), he was a brother of the conqueror of Mā warāʾ al-Nahr (Naṣr b. ʿAlī), yet this statement (which seems to have originated as a mere interpolation) must probably be rejected. The name ʿAlī b. ʿAlī is not mentioned on any coins of this period, on the other hand we find t…

, also written Tok̲h̲āristān and Ṭok̲h̲airistān, a district on the upper course of the Āmū-Daryā [q.v.]. It is the name of a district formed from that of its inhabitants (like Afg̲h̲ānistān, Balōčistān etc.), but the question of the nationality and language of the Tok̲h̲ārians was of no significance in the Muslim period. With the exception perhaps of the mention of Balk̲h̲ as Madīnat Ṭok̲h̲ārā in Balād̲h̲urī, p. 408 there is nothing to show that anything was known in the Muslim period of the Tok̲h̲ārians as a people, although as late as 630 a. d. the Chinese pilgrim Hüan-Čuang (or Yüan-…

, properly Dāg̲h̲istān (Mountain land; Snouck Hurgronje, Mekka, ii. 245 noted in ¶ Mecca that the name was pronounced Dag̲h̲ustan even by people who belonged to it), a Russian territory ( oblast’) on the west shore of the Caspian Sea between 43° 30’ and 41° N. Lat., has an area of 13 228 square miles and a population of about 700,000. Its boundaries are, in the north the Sulaḳ, in the south the Samur, in the west the watershed between these rivers and the Alazan, a tributary of the Kura; the territory is divided into nine districts ( okrug). Its present boundaries and its constitution as a R…

, written Tātār, Tatār and Tatar, the name of a people the significance of which varies in different periods. Two Tatar groups of tribes, the “thirty Tatars” and the “nine Tatars”, are mentioned in the Turkish Ork̲h̲on inscriptions of the eighth century a. d. As Thomsen ( Inscriptions ¶ de l’Orkhon, Helsingfors 1896,” p. 140) supposes, even at this date the name was applied to the Mongols or a section of them but not to a Turkish people; according to Thomsen, these Tatars lived southwest of Baikal roughly as far as Kerulen. With the foundation of the empire of the Kitai [see ḳara k̲h̲itai] the Tu…

is an East-Turkish and Mongolic word, almost synonymous with the more usual Īl of Turkish dialects. The original sense of both words is “tribe”, but they are also used to denote larger tribal unions as political unities. Northern Mongolia (Ḵh̲alk̲h̲ā) is divided into four aimāḳ on the basis of the four k̲h̲āns (Tus̲h̲etu-k̲h̲ān, Tsetzen-Ḵh̲ān, Sain-Noyon and Tzasaktu-Ḵh̲an). In Afg̲h̲ānistan four nomadic tribes (Ḏj̲ams̲h̲īdī, Hazāra, Fērōzkōhī and Taimanī) are called by the comprehensive appellation of Čār (Čahār) Aimāḳ (four aimāḳ). (W. Barthold)

, according to Radloff ( Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialecte, St. Petersburg 1899, vol. ii., p. 924) “a Turkish tribe in Turkistan”; the same authority gives the Kirgiz (i. e. Kazak) word ḳurama (from ḳura, “to sew together pieces of cloth”) with the meaning “a blanket made of pieces of cloth sewn together”. In another passage ( Aus Sibirien 2, Leipzig 1893, i. 225) Radloff himself says that the Kurama are “a mixed people of Özbegs and Kirgiz” and their name comes from the fact, asserted by the Kirgiz, that “they are made up of patches from many tribes” ( kura to “patch together”). Ac…

, the name of two Sāmānid rulers: 1. Manṣūr b. Nūḥ I (Abu Ṣāliḥ), ruler of Ḵh̲orāsān and Transoxania (350—365 = 961—976), succeeded his brother ʿAbd al-Malik b. Nūḥ I [q.v.]. Ibn Ḥawḳal is able to describe the internal conditions of the Sāmānid kingdom under Manṣūr as an eye-witness; cf. especially B. G. A., ii. 341: fī waḳtinā hād̲h̲ā; p. 344 sq.: on the character of Manṣūr “the justest king among our contemporaries, in spite of his physical weakness and the slightness of his frame”. On the vizier Balʿamī, see balʿamī where also information is given about the Persian version of Ṭaba…

, Eastern Turkī word for agriculturists; as the name of a people, applied to the colonists transported by the Chinese government in the middle of the xviiith century from Kās̲h̲g̲h̲aria to the Ili valley; cf. Radloff, Wörterbuch, iv. 841. The Taranči are said however, even in the Ili valley, to have described themselves as the native population ( Yärlik, cf. Radloff, it. 343). They numbered 6,000 families of whom 4,100 were settled on the right and 1,900 on the left bank of the Ili; for further particulars see Radloff, Aus Sibirien, ii. 331 sq. According to a census of the year 1834 the…

, Arabic Ḏj̲urd̲j̲ānīya, a town in the northern part of Ḵh̲wārizm; on the situation of the town and the arm of the Oxus which flows past it, cf. the article āmū-daryā, i. 341a. Although the town is first mentioned by the Arabs, it was undoubtedly founded in the pre-Muhammadan period; the oldest Chinese name for Ḵh̲wārizm (Yüekien) is apparently to be traced to the name Gurgānd̲j̲. In what condition the Arabs found the northern part of the country is not narrated in the sources dealing with the Arab conquest (93 = 712). In the ivth = xth century Ḵh̲wārizm broke up into two independent kingdom…

, a word (probably from the Sanskrit, bhiks̲h̲u) which appears in East Turkī and Persian during the Mongol period; it denotes in the first place the Buddhist priesthood and in this meaning is equated to the Chinese Hos̲h̲ang, Tibetan Lama and the Uig̲h̲ur Toin. Writers of Turkish origin also, who had to write documents destined for the Mongol and Turkish population, in Uig̲h̲ur script, were called Bak̲h̲shi; according to Bābar (ed. Beveridge, p. 108b) it was also the name of the surgeon ( d̲j̲arrāḥ) among the Mongols. In the Empire of the Indian Moghuls, the Bak̲h̲shī was an o…

, the title of the ruler of Ḵh̲wārizm [q. v.] found already in existence at the Arab conquest (cf. e. g. al-Ṭabarī, ii. 1237 sq.). The same title was borne in the Muslim period by the majority of the kings and governors of this country, although the founder of the last dynasty, Iltüzar Ḵh̲ān (1804—1806), was content to describe himself on his coins (which were never issued) as “heir of the Ḵh̲wārizm-s̲h̲āhs” ( wārit̲h̲-i Ḵh̲wārizm-s̲h̲āhān (ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Buk̲h̲ārī, ed. Schefer, p. 80). This is probably the only case in Central Asia of a title retaining its signific…

, properly Faiḍābād, the name of two modern towns in Central Asia; on Faizabad in Buk̲h̲ārā cf. the article āmū-daryā, i. 340a and on Faizabad in Badak̲h̲s̲h̲ān see this article i. 552b et seq. (where it is erroneously called Faid̲h̲ābād). Faizabad in Buk̲h̲ārā, lying in a fertile valley with green pastures throughout the year, is now a town with about 3000 inhabitants, the residence of the tax-collector ( amlākdār) of the Beg of Ḥiṣār; the citadel is in ruins. Faizabad in Badak̲h̲s̲h̲ān lies on the right bank of the Kokča, which is here crossed by a wooden brid…

, a mountain range on the Caspian Sea, where the dry riverbed of the Uzboi (supposed to be the ancient bed of the Oxus) flows into the Sea. The mountains to the north of the riverbed, rising to a height of 5500 feet, are at the present day called “the Great Balk̲h̲ān” range; quite separate from them are the “Little Balk̲h̲ans” (to the south of the Uzboi) which are quite close to the Küren-Dag̲h̲. The Balk̲h̲ān Bay on the Caspian Sea has taken its name from the “Great Balk̲h̲āns”; in it is the best harbour on the eastern shores of the Sea north of the Russo-Persian frontier. On the story of an “ancient Ḵh̲w…

Maḥmūd, a Mongol ruler ( Ilk̲h̲ān) of Persia (694—703 = 1295—1304) born in the year 670 = 1271. On the accession of his father Arg̲h̲ūn (q. v., i. 430) he was appointed governor of Ḵh̲orāsān, Māzandarān arid Ray; he administered these provinces in the reign of Gaik̲h̲ātū also (cf. above p. 128). G̲h̲āzān had been brought up as a Buddhist and, while governor, ordered a Buddhist temple to be built in the town of Ḳūčān; shortly before his accession, during the war with Bāidū (q. v., i. 591), his general…

, capital of the Golden Horde; cf. the articles Ḳipčāḳ and mongols. The name is in Persian sarāi = palace; nevertheless it is frequently written ṣarāi in Arabic works. On its foundation by Bātū and the name Sarāi Berke see above, i. 683a and 709a. The geographers and historians speak only of o n e town of this name but on the coins we find a New-Sarāi ( Sarāi al-Ḏj̲adīd) mentioned: the earliest coin struck in New-Sarāi is dated 710 a. h. The only historical reference to New-Sarāi so far known is the mention of the death of the Ḵh̲ān Özbeg (the date given is 742 a. h.) in New-Sarāi in S̲h̲ams al-Dīn a…

, a Turkī saint of Ḵh̲warizm, a pupil of Aḥmad Yasawī (cf. i. 204b et seq.) who died in 562 = 1166-1167. His proper name was Sulaimān Bāḳirg̲h̲ānī and he is also called Sulaimān Atā or Ḥākim Ḵh̲od̲j̲a; this Bāḳirg̲h̲ān is not identical with the Bag̲h̲irḳān mentioned by Muḳaddasī (ed. de Goeje, p. 343, 10) but lay considerably farther north, a little below the modern town of Kungrad; the tomb of Ḥakīm Atā there is still visited by pilgrims; according to’ a biography of the saint, the name is said to be a corrup…

(t.), robber, disturber of the peace, adventurer; on these and other meanings see W. Radloff, Versuch eines Wörterbuches der türk. Dialecte, ii. 364. The existence of the word in Turkish can be first shown in the ninth (xvth) century. During the civil turmoils under the Tīmūrids the pretenders, in contrast to the actual rulers, were called ḳazaḳ: those who would not accept the verdict of fortune but led the life of an adventurer at the head of their men; cf., for example, the mention of the ḳazaḳ years ( ḳazaḳli̊ḳ) of Sulṭān Ḥusain, afterwards ruler of Ḵh̲urāsān, in the Bābar-Nāma, ed. Beveri…

, a Turkish people who call themselves Tipter or Bas̲h̲ḳurt. According to Vambéry, the name is derived from a verb tepte “to roam” and means “rovers”; in Radloff’s Wörterbuch (iii. 1114) no such verb is mentioned and the word tepter only quoted as the “name of a tribe in the gouvernement of Orenburg”. In Russian documents of the xviiith century the word tepter is frequently associated with the word babi̊l’ which is of course not a tribal name but means “peasant without land and family” According to Karamzin (vol. i., note 73), the Tepter were a mixed people compo…

, in Russian originally gorodez or gorodok mes̲h̲čerskiy, in Tatar k̲h̲ān karmān, formerly the capital of the Tatar princes subordinate to the Czar of Moscow and now a district capital in the gouvernement of Ryazan. It took its name from Ḳāsim, son of the founder of the kingdom of Ḳazān, Ūlū Muḥammad. In the war between the brothers that followed the assassination of Ūlū Muḥammad (1446), Ḳāsim was induced to enter the service of the Russian Grand Duke. The town, which bears his name, was granted him about …