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, a mountainous peninsula on the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea, first mentioned under the Persian name Siyāh-Kōh (“Black Mountain”; cf. B. G.A., i. 218); the same name was given to the hills west of the Sea of Aral ( op. cit., vii. 92; see āmū-daryā). According to Iṣṭak̲h̲rī ( op. cit., i. 219), the peninsula used to be uninhabited; it was only shortly before his time (or that of his predecessor al-Balk̲h̲ī) that Turks, who had quarrelled with the G̲h̲uzz [q. v.], i. e. with their own kin, had come there and found springs and pastures for the…

(ḳarlug̲h̲), in early Arabic sources Ḵh̲arluk̲h̲, in Persian Ḵh̲alluk̲h̲, in Chinese Ko-lo-lu, name of a Turkish people, who are mentioned in the Turkish Ork̲h̲on inscriptions and in the Chinese T’ang S̲h̲u; cf. E. Chavannes, Documents sur les Tou-kiue ( Turcs) occidentaux, St. Petersburg 1903, Index. The Ḳarluḳ attained some political importance after 766, when, after the decline of the empire of the Western Turkish Ḵh̲āḳāns, they occupied the valley of the Ču [q.v.]. Their princes did not assume the title of Ḵh̲āḳān (Ḳag̲h̲an) but o…

, was also the name of a prince of the Aḳ-Ḳuyūnlī in Persia, son and successor of Sulṭān Yaʿḳūb; he only reigned for a short period from 896-897 (= 1490—1492) and was overthrown by his cousin Rustam. (W. Barthold)

, Turkish Gökče-tengiz (“blue sea”), Armenian Sewanga (Sew-Wank = : “Black cloister”), a freshwater lake in Russian Armenia (gouvernement of Eriwan), 7000 feet above sealevel, covering an area of 62 square miles and drained by one stream, the Zanga, which flows into the Araxes. As Le Strange ( The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate, p. 183) points out, the name first appears in Ḥamd Allāh Ḳazwīnī; in the Muhammadan sources of the pre-Mongol period the lake is not mentioned at all. The monastery from which the lake has received its Armenian name lies o…

(usually written: Kīmāk and wrongly vocalised: Kaimāk), name of a Turkish people on the lower course of the Irtis̲h̲. Ibn Ḵh̲urdād̲h̲bih (text in B.G.A., vi. 28 and 31) mentions a road thither (80 or 81 days) from Ṭarāz (now Awliyā Atā) or Kuwīkat, seven farsak̲h̲ distant, and Gardīzī (in Barthold, Otčet o poiezdkie v Srednjuju Aziju, p. 82 sq.) fully describes another route from Fārāb (Otrār) (via Jenikend, the modern ruins called Ḏj̲ānkent south of the mouth of the Si̊r-Daryā). According to Muḳaddasī or Maḳdisī ( B. G. A., iii. 274) a portion of the Kimäk at the end of ¶ the ivth (xth) century …

, a frontier province in the northwest of China proper; it is bounded on the south and east by the provinces of Sze-čuan, S̲h̲ensi and S̲h̲ansi, in the west and north by the territory of Kukunor, Chinese Turkestan (formerly included in Kansu, but since 1884 the separate province of Sin-Kiang) and Mongolia. With its present area of 5910 geogr. sq. m.= 125,483 sq. miles, Kansu is the third largest province of China but as regards density of population it is lower than all the other provinces of China with the exception of Kuangsi. The province first formed under the Emperor Kūbīlāi in 1282 a. d. is …

(usually written Ḵh̲ān Bālīḳ), the “Ḵh̲ān’s town”, the name of Pekin as capital of the Mongol Emperors after 1264 in Eastern Turkī and Mongol and afterwards adopted by the rest of the Muslim world and even by Western Europe ( Cambaluc, variants in S. Hallberg, l’Extrême Orient dans la littérature et la cartographie de l’Occident, Göteborg 1906, p. 105 sq.). According to Ras̲h̲īd al-Dīn (ed. Berezin, Trudi̊ Vost. Otd. Ark̲h̲. Obs̲h̲č. xv., Persian text, p. 34), Pekin (Chinese then Čūngdū, i. e. the middle capital) was called Ḵh̲ānbāli̊ḳ even earlier by the Mongols,…

, a district and people in the north of the Persian province of Gīlān [q. v.], which since the peace of Gulistān (12/24th Oct. 1813) has belonged to Russia. The name according to Marquart, Osteuropäische und Ostasiatische Streifzüge, Leipzig 1903, p. 278 sq., is first found in the form T’alis̲h̲ in the Armenian translation of the romance of Alexander, Ch. 194 = ii. 19, p. 76 (ed. C. Müller). In the history of the Arab conquest (Balād̲h̲urī, ed. de Goeje, p. 327; al-Ṭabarī, i. 2805) the country is called al-Ṭailasān; according to al-Aṣma…

, usually written Derbent by the Russians, called al-Bāb (che “gate”) Bāb al-Abwāb (gate of gates) or al-Bāb wa ’l-Abwāb (the gate and the gates) by the Arabs, a town in the Russian territory of Dag̲h̲estan [q. v., p. 887] on the western shore of the Caspian Sea (42° 4’ N. Lat.), with about 20,000 inhabitants; it is particularly noted for the long walls, unique in their kind, which used to bar the passage between the mountains and the sea, here only 1½ miles wide, in the Sāsānian and afterwards in the Muḥammadan p…

, a Turkish word, properly an ad̲j̲ective meaning “rich” (in this sense it appears in the earliest monuments of the Turkish language, the inscriptions of Orchon); as a substantive it means also “landlord, householder”. In Central Asia the word “Bai” is frequently appended to proper names, whereby the bearers of these names are shown to be prosperous, independent people in contrast to the masses. The oldest text, in which the word “Bai” appears with this meaning is the story of Mahmud Bai, Vizier of the prince (Gūṛk̲h̲ān) of the Ḳara Ḵh̲iṭāi in the Tāʾrīk̲h̲-i Ḏj̲ihān Kus̲h̲āi of Ḏj̲uwainī…

, the Turkish name for a Mongol people who call themselves Oirat. In Radloff’s Wörterbuch (ii. 272), the forms Ḳalmaḳ (Central Asian dialects), Ḳalmiḳ (Volga dialects; whence the Russian word) and Ḳalmuḳ (Ottoman; whence the Crimean Tatar expression ḳalmuḳ-i bad-mak̲h̲lūḳ) are given. In Central Asia the Turkish speaking Teleuts are called “White Kalmücks” (Aḳ Ḳalmaḳ) and the Western Mongols proper “Black Kalmücks” (Ḳara Ḳalmaḳ). The word is derived (probably only by a popular etymology) from the verb ḳalmaḳ “to remain”; it is said to denote the Oirat, who “remained” paga…

, a large river in the Caucasus (length about 300 miles, breadth in some places up to 500 yards). In its upper course it is a mountain torrent and even in its lower course so swift that navigation is impossible upon it. During the golden period of Arabic geographical knowledge (ivth = xth century) the land of Terek must have belonged to the kingdom of the Ḵh̲azar [q. v.]. This portion of the Ḵh̲azar dominions is not described by Arab geographers and the Terek not mentioned. The name seems to appear for the first time in the history of the fightin…

, a family ( āl) in Buk̲h̲ārā, in which, in the vith (xiith) century the office of raʾīs (superior, at this time the word had not yet acquired its present meaning of muḥtasib) of the Ḥanafīs of that city descended from father to son; the title ṣadr d̲j̲ihān (plur. ṣudūr) is applied not only to the head of the family but to all the other members also. Some poets compare these “Imāms” with the “Emīrs” of the Sāmānid dynasty and rank the “wearers of the turban” ( ahl al-ʿamāʾim) higher than the “wearers of the crown” ( arbāb tīd̲j̲ān). The title ṣadr-d̲j̲ihān was also borne, at a later period unde…

, a large river in Central Asia. Both the rivers Tekes and the Tunges which join to form it, rise in the northern slopes of the Thian-S̲h̲an; after their junction the river is called the lli and then has a course of about 600 miles till it runs into Lake Balkas̲h̲ (q. v., i. 624). At some places it is over half a mile broad. The upper course of the Tekes and the lower course of the Ili belong to the Russian empire, the Kunges, the lower course of the Tekes, and the upper course of the Hi to the …

, fourth prince (Ilk̲h̲ān) of Persia (683—690 = 1284—129l), born sometime between 1250 and 1255 (his father Abaḳa was born in 1234, his eldest son G̲h̲āzān in 1271). His father Abaḳa entrusted to him the administration of the province of Ḵh̲orāsān. Summoned to his fathers court in the spring of 1282 he received the news of the latter’s death before completing his journey, and had to render homage to his uncle Tekūdar (or Aḥmad) in Ād̲h̲arbaid̲j̲ān. In the following spring (1283) he returned to Ḵ…

, usually written Tās̲h̲kend in Arabic and Persian manuscripts, a large town in Central Asia, in the oasis of Čirčik, watered by one of the right bank tributaries of the Si̊r-Daryā [q. v.]. Nothing is known of the origin of the settlement on the Čirčik. According to the Greek and Roman sources there were only nomads on the other side of the Yaxartes. In the earliest Chinese sources (from the second century b. c.) mention is made of a land of Yu-ni, later identified with the territory of Tas̲h̲kent; this land is later called Čö-či or Čö-s̲h̲i or simply S̲h̲i. The corr…

, also written Bārāb (e.g. in Iṣṭak̲h̲rī, Muḳaddasī and most Persian authorities) and Pārāb (e. g. in the Ḥudūd al-Ālam, cod. Tumanskij, f. 9b; the latter seems to be the original pronunciation), a district (in Iṣṭak̲h̲rī and Ibn Ḥawḳal nāḥiya, in Muḳaddasī rustāḳ, in Yāḳūt wilāya) in the valley of the Sir-Daryā, lying on both sides of the main stream, which here receives the waters of the Aris on its right bank. According to Ibn Ḥawḳal (p. 391) the district measured less than a day’s journey in length and breadth; the soil was in places marshy and contained salt. According to Masʿūdī ( Tanbīh, p…

b. Sīmd̲j̲ūr (Muḥammed b. Muḥammed), successor to his father Abu’l-Ḥasan [q. v.] as governor of Ḵh̲orāsān and hereditary vassal prince of Kūhistān. During his father’s lifetime he had been governor of Herāt; after the former’s death (Ḏh̲u’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 378 = March-April 989) he successfully stood his ground against the Sāmānides and the Pretorian Fāʾiḳ, at that time governor of Balk̲h̲. Without openly rebelling he in reality assumed the status of an independent ruler, gave himself high-sounding titl…

, ninth Mongolian prince (Īlk̲h̲ān) of Persia (716—736 = 1316—1335), born on the 8th Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 704 (2d June 1305), successor to his father Uld̲j̲āitū, who died on the ¶ 30th Ramaḍān 716 (16th Dec. 1316); his solemn accession to the throne did not take place hefore Ṣafar 717 (April-May 1317). He had already in 1313 been appointed governor of Ḵh̲orāsān though of course under a guardian. During the first ten years of his reign, till 1327, the kingdom was powerfully and prudently governed by the mighty emīr Čobān. The long war …

, a river forming.the present day boundary between Russia and Persia. The name seems to appear first in Ḥamdallāh Ḳazwīnī (740 = 1339); it is not mentioned by the geographers of the iv. (x.) century. It rises on the northern slope of Mount Hazār-Masd̲j̲id, flows through the districts of Ḳučân and Bud̲j̲nurd which have been Kurdish principalities since the days of Shah ʿĀbbās I (one of the most fertile districts in Ḵh̲orāsān, the ancient Astabēnē or Astanēnē and the mediaeval Ustuwā) and receives…