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, the fourth Mug̲h̲al emperor of India in the line of Bābur [ q.v.], the first surviving child of Akbar, others born earlier having all died in infancy, was born on 17 Rabīʿ I 977/31 August 1569 of a Rād̲j̲pūt queen, called Miryam al-Zamānī, at (Fatḥpur) Sīkrī, near Āgrā, in the hermitage of a recluse S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Salīm Čis̲h̲tī, to whose intercession the birth of a son was attributed. The young prince was named Salīm after the S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ but Akbar always called him S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ū Bābā, scrupulously avoiding the …

, formerly a small feudatory princely state in the Pand̲j̲āb, now merged with the Fīrūzpur Division of the Indian Pand̲j̲āb, and lying between 30° 13′ and 30° 50′ N. and 74° 31′ and 75° 5′ E. with an area of 642 sq. miles. Both the State and the principal town of the same name are unimportant. The town, lying in 30° 40′ N. and 74° 49′ E., 20 miles south of Fīrūzpur [ q.v.], has a fort built by Rād̲j̲a Mokulsī, a native Rād̲j̲pūt chief, in the time of Farīd al-Dīn Gand̲j̲-S̲h̲akar [ q.v.], popularly known as Bāwā (Bābā) Farīd, after whom the fort was named Farīdkōt́ ( kōt́ = fort)…

mir ʿalī s̲h̲er , historian of Sind, son of ʿIzzat Allāh al-Ḥusaynī al-S̲h̲īrāzī, was born in T́hat́t́a, the capital of Sind in the Mug̲h̲al and pre-Mug̲h̲al period, in 1440/1727 and died there in 1203/1788. His grave still exists on the nearby Maklī hills. He received his education from local scholars, some of whom are mentioned in his Maḳālāt-al-s̲h̲uʿarāʾ (Karachi 1957, 114, 150, 339, 359, 817). In 1175/1761 he was commissioned by the Kalhōfa ruler of Sind, G̲h̲ulām S̲h̲āh ʿAbbāsī (1170-86/1757-72), to write a Persian history of the ruling dynasty on the lines of the S̲h̲āhnāma …

al-Muhād̲j̲ir al-Hindī al-Makkī b. Muḥammad Amīn al-Fārūḳī , the spiritual guide and preceptor of a number of leading religious personalities of India (including Muḥammad Ḳāsim al-Nānawtawī, founder of the Dār al-ʿUlūm at Deōband [ q.v.], Ras̲h̲īd Aḥmad al-Anṣārī of Gańgōh (d. 1323/1905), a well-known muḥaddit̲h̲ , faḳīh , divine and scholar of his days and As̲h̲raf ʿAlī Thānawī [ q.v.]), was born at Nānawta (dist. Sahāranpūr, India) in 1231/1815. A ḥāfiẓ of the Ḳurʾān, he was moderately well educated in Persian, Arabic grammar and syntax and…

, Muḥammad , the only son of S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-G̲h̲ānī, youngest son of S̲h̲āh Walī Allāh al-Dihlawī [ q.v.], was born at Phulat (dist. Muẓaffarnagar, India) on 12 Rabīʿ II 1193/29 April 1779. His father having died in Rad̲j̲ab 1203/April 1789, when he was only ten years old, he was adopted by his uncle S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-Ḳādir [ q.v.], the first Urdu translator of the Ḳurʾān, who had no male issue and who later married his grand-daughter Kult̲h̲ūm to him. Educated by ʿAbd al-Ḳādir, he also drew upon the vast learning of his uncles S̲h̲āh Rafīʿ al-Dīn, anothe…

the central Indo-Aryan (Hindī and Urdū) form corresponding to the north-west Indo-Aryan (Pand̲j̲ābī, Lahndā) D̲j̲aťť, a tribe of the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent found particularly in the Pand̲j̲āb, Sind, Rād̲j̲āsthān and western Uttar Pradēs̲h̲. The name is of post-Sanskritic Indian origin (Middle Indo-Aryan * d̲j̲at́t́a ), and the form with short vowel is employed by the Persian translator of the Čač-nāma (compiled 613/1216), the author of the Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Sind ( Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Maʿṣūmī ) and S̲h̲āh Walī Allāh al-Dihlawī [ q.v.] in his Persian letters. For the Arabicized form Zuṭṭ [ q.…

, muʿizz al-din abū ʿabd allāh ādam b. s. ismāʿīl , one of the premier Ḵh̲ulafāʾ of Aḥmad Sirhindī [ q.v.], was a native of Banūr [ q.v.]. He claimed descent from Imām Mūsā al-Kāẓim [ q.v.], but it was disputed on the ground that his grandmother belonged to the Mashwānī tribe of the Afg̲h̲āns and he too lived and dressed after the fashion of the Afg̲h̲āns. His nasab was again questioned when in 1052/1642 he was in Lahore accompanied by 10,000 of his disciples, mostly Afg̲h̲āns, by ʿAllāmī Saʿd Allāh Ḵh̲ān Chinyōtī, the chief Minister of Shāhd̲j̲ahān, and by ʿAbd al-Ḥakīm al-Siyālkōtī [ q.v.], who …

(Sind), a town in the former province of Sind (West Pakistan) situated between 25° 23′ N. and 68° 20′ E. and covering an area of 36 sq. miles, is the third largest city in West Pakistan after Karachi and Lahore, pop. (1961) 434,537 (of which the Muslims numbered 422,786). Built on the site of the ancient Nīrūńkot́, which fell to the arms of Muḥammad b. Ḳāsim al-T̲h̲akafī at the time of the first Muslim conquest of Sind in the 2nd/8th century, the town …

, Urdu poet, born c. 1156/1743, was the youngest son of Mīrzā ʿĀrif D̲j̲ān, the younger brother of S̲h̲araf al-Dawla Ḳāsim D̲j̲ān, a grandee of the empire during the vizierate of D̲h̲u ’l-Faḳār al-Dawla Nad̲j̲af K̲h̲ān (a street in old Delhi, Galī Ḳāsim D̲j̲ān, is still named after S̲h̲araf al-Dawla; in it once resided many famous men, such as the Urdu-Persian poet G̲h̲ālib [ q.v.], S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn, the spiritual guide of the last Mughal emperor Bahādur S̲h̲āh “Zafar” [ q.v.], and the physician Raʾīs al-Aṭibbāʾ Muḥammad S̲h̲arīf K̲h̲ān, great-grandfather of S̲h̲if…

was the last of the Lōdī Sultans of Delhi, who was defeated and slain on the battlefield by Bābur [ q.v.] in the historic first battle of Pānīpat in 932/1526. His death opens a new chapter in the annals of India as it marks the end of the Dihlī Sultanate [ q.v.] and the beginning of the Mog̲h̲ul rule which was to last for more than four centuries. The eldest son of Sikandar Lōdī ( reg . 894/1489-923/1517) he succeeded to the throne on 8 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 923/22 November 1517, one day after his father’s death. Since he was distrustful and ungenerous, t…

, b. Mathurādās , a Kańbōh [ q.v.] of Multān, known chiefly for his collection of letters ( ins̲h̲āʾ ), entitled Irs̲h̲ād al-ṭālibīn but popularly called Ins̲h̲āʾi Harkarn . Nothing is known about his early life or the teachers from whom he learnt Persian, the court language of the day. He was employed for some time as a secretary ( muns̲h̲ī ) by Iʿtibār K̲h̲ān k̲h̲wād̲j̲a-sarāy , most probably a Hindu convert to Islam and an influential eunuch, who was from very early years a confidant and retainer of the Mug̲h̲al emperor D̲j̲ahāngīr [ q.v.]. It is not exactly known when Harkarn entered…

, formerly a princely State in India, lying between 22° 29′ and 23° 54′ N. and 76° 28′ and 78° 51′ E. with an area of 6,878 sq. miles, with a population of 838,474 in 1951. It was the second most important Muslim State, next to Ḥaydarābād [ q.v]. Bhōpāl was founded by a military adventurer, Dōst Muḥammad Ḵh̲ān, a native of Tīrāh (in the tribal area of present-day Pakistan) who belonged to the Mirzaʾī Ḵh̲ēl tribe of the Āfrīdī Pathans. In 1120/1708 he went to Delhi, at the age of 34, in search of employment, and succeeded in obtaining from Bahādur S̲h̲āh I [ q.v.], emperor of Delhi, the lease of Bērāsia par…

b. S. Muḥammad Ibrāhīm was born in 688/1289 at al-Simnān (Ḵh̲urāsān), the principality of his father. His mother, Ḵh̲adīd̲j̲a, was a grand-daughter of Aḥmad Yasawī [ q.v.]. A ḥāfiẓ of the Ḳurʾān, with its seven readings, he completed his education at the age of 14. His love for mysticism took him to ʿAlāʾ al-Dawla al-Simnānī [ q.v.], a leading ṣūfī of his days, whose company he frequented. Succeeding his father, on the latter’s death in 705/1305-6, to the principality he soon abdicated in favour of his brother Muḥammad and set out …

, b. Ēlam K̲h̲ān , the greatest of the so-called Slave kings who laid the foundations of Muslim rule in India, came of the Ilberī (or Alprī) branch of the Karāk̲h̲itā’i Turks. The third sultan of the Slave dynasty and the founder of the S̲h̲amsiyya line of rulers, he ascended the throne of Delhi in 607/1211 after defeating Ārām S̲h̲āh, son and successor of his master Ḳuṭb al-Dīn Aybak [ q.v.], who had purchased him as a slave in Delhi. Nothing in detail is known about his early life except that he spent a part of it in slavery at G̲h̲azna, Buk̲h̲ārā and Bag̲h̲dād.…

, ḵh̲ān-i ḵh̲ānān ( Amīr al-Umarāʾ ), affectionately and respectfully addressed by the emperor Akbar [ q.v.] as Ḵh̲ān Bābā or Bābā-am [(My) Good Old Man!] during the latter’s minority, was a Turkoman of the Bahārlū tribe, a branch of the Ḳarā Ḳoyūnlū, who played a leading rôle in Diyār Bakr after the death of Malik S̲h̲āh Sald̲j̲ūḳī [ q.v.]. ʿAlī S̲h̲ukr Bēg, one of the ancestors of Bayram Ḵh̲ān, whose sons served Abū Saʿīd Mirzā, and after his defeat by Uzun Ḥasan in 837/1433-4, Maḥmud Mīrzā, his son ( Babur-nama , transl. A. S. Beveridge, i, 49), held large est…

, mak̲h̲laṣ of the famous Urdu poet, one of the most remarkable figures in Urdu literature, Ins̲h̲āʾ Allāh K̲h̲ān . The eldest son of Mīr Mās̲h̲āʾ Allāh K̲h̲ān “Maṣdar” al-D̲j̲aʿfarī al-Nad̲j̲afī, he was born between 1756 and 1758 at Murs̲h̲idābād [ q.v.], where the family had settled after its migration from ʿIrāḳ, the grandfather of Ins̲h̲āʾ, S̲h̲āh Nūr Allāh al-Nad̲j̲afī having also been born in this town. Mās̲h̲āʾ Allāh K̲h̲ān had established himself as a physician and became one of the courtiers of the last independent Muslim ruler of Bengal, Nawwāb Sirād̲j̲ al-Dawla [ q.v.]; on the…

( Gud̲j̲d̲j̲ar , Gurd̲j̲d̲j̲ar ), name of an ancient tribe, wide-spread in many parts of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent, akin to the Rād̲j̲pūts, the Ḏj̲āt́s [ q.v.], and the Ahīrs, who are claimed by Gud̲j̲d̲j̲ar historians as off-shoots of the main stock. Both Western and native writers agree that the tribe migrated to the plains of Hindustan from Central Asia sometime in the middle of the 5th century A.D. Tall, handsome, wirily-built, and of a fair complexion, they are believed to be descendants of either the Scythian…

, the Nagarkot́ of Muslim historians of India, occasionally referred to as Kōt Kāńŕgā, is also the headquarters of the taḥṣīl of the same name in the Indian Pand̲j̲āb. Kāńgŕā lies between 30° 5′ N. and 76° 16′ E. on the northern slope of the ¶ low mountain ranges which run through the district, facing Dharamsālā, a fine hill resort in summer, and commands a view of the verdant Kāńigŕā valley below. The pre-Mug̲h̲al history of the town is not definitely known. It was, however, a stronghold of the Katōč Rād̲j̲pūt rād̲j̲ās who held sway over the entire valley and one o…

, one of the four pillars of Urdū literature and one of the greatest of Urdū poets, K̲h̲wād̲j̲a Mīr (with the tak̲h̲alluṣ of Dard) b. K̲h̲wād̲j̲a Muḥammad Nāṣir “ʿAndalīb” al-Ḥusaynī al-Buk̲h̲ārī al-Dihlawī, claimed descent from K̲h̲wādia Bahāʾ al-Dīn Naḳs̲h̲band and in the 25th step from the Imām Haṣan al-ʿAskarī [ q.v.]. Born in 1133/1720-21 in the decadent Imperial Dihlī, Dard received his education at home, mostly from his father, a very well-read man and the author of Nāla-i ʿAndalīb , a voluminous Persian allegory dealing with metaphysical and a…

, an industrial town of West Pakistan and headquarters of the district of the same name, situated in 32° 9′ N. and 74° 11′ E., on the main railway line between Lahore and Peshawar [ qq.v.]; population (1961) 196,154. The town, a mere village till the middle of the 19th ¶ century, owes its origin to a tribe of the Gūd̲j̲ars [ q.v.] who were expelled by Sāńsī Ḏj̲āt́s from Amritsar [ q.v.]. On changing hands the village was renamed Ḵh̲ānpur, after the head-man of the Sāńsīs. But this name never gained popularity. It was of little importance during Mug̲h̲al days and consequently finds no mention in the Ā…