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, the second metre in Arabic prosody, very little used on account of a certain heaviness in its rhythm. In theory it consists of four feet in each hemistich and the prosodists quote in support of this several anonymous verses. In practice there are only three. ¶ There are three ʿarūḍ and six ḍarb: Fāʿilātun may become faʿilālun; it only changes into fāʿilātu (without n) if fāʿilun which follows it retains its long vowel. Fāʿilun, except in the second ʿarūḍ with its third ḍarb, only changes into faʿilun when fāʿilātun preserves its n. (Moh. Ben Cheneb)

, Abū ʿAlī Ismāʿīl b. al-Ḳāsim b. ʿAyd̲h̲ūn b. Hārūn b. ʿĪsā b. Muḥammad, a great Arab philologist, born in Ḏj̲umādā II, 288 = May-June, 901 (according to others in 280), at Manāzguird, a little town in Armenia which was then a dependency of Diyār Bakr, and died at Cordova on Ḏj̲umādā I 7,356 = April 19-20, 967 (according to others Rabīʿ II, Ḏj̲umādā II, 356, and also 366 according to Ibn ʿId̲h̲ārī). In 303 having gone to Bag̲h̲dād in company with some people of the town of Ḳālīḳalā, he was confused with them and in consequence was surnamed al-Ḳālī. However, he is us…

, Sirād̲j̲ al-Dīn Abū Ḥafṣ ʿOmar, S̲h̲āfiʿī savant died in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 861 (sept.-oct. 1457). He was author of Ḵh̲arīdat al-ʿAd̲j̲āʾib wa-Farīdat al-G̲h̲arāʾib, a kind of geography and natural history of no scientific value. It seems that, in spite of the authorities quoted in the preface (al-Masʿūdī, al-Ṭūsī, Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, al-Marrākus̲h̲ī), the Ḵh̲arīda is only a plagiarism from Ḏj̲āmiʿ al-Funūn wa-Salwat al-Maḥzūn of Nad̲j̲m al-Din Aḥmad b. Ḥamdān b. S̲h̲abīb al-Ḥarrānī al-Ḥanbalī who lived in Egypt about 732 (1332). Several orientalists have transl…

, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim Ḵh̲alaf b. ʿAbd al-Malik b. Masʿūd b. Mūsā b. Bas̲h̲kuwāl b. Yūsuf b. Dāḥa b. Dāḳa b. Naṣr b. ʿAbd al-Karīm b. Wāḳid al-Anṣārī, Arabic biographer, a descendant of a family belonging to S̲h̲orroyon (Xorroyón, Sorrión) near Valencia, born on the 3d Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 494 = 29th Sept. 1101 at Cordova, acquired here and in Seville a great knowledge of Tradition and the history of his native land and was for a period representative of the Ḳāḍī Abū Bakr Ibn al-ʿArabī in a quarter of Seville. He died at Cordova on the night of Tuesday/Wednesday the 8th Ramaḍān 578 = 4th/5th Jan. 1183. Hi…

, Ḏj̲amāl al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Yūsuf b. Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. His̲h̲ām al-Anṣārī al-Miṣrī, was born in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 708 = April-May 1309 in Cairo, where he died in the night of Thursday-Friday, 5th Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 761 = 17-18 September 1360. A pupil of the Spanish grammarian Abū Ḥaiyān for the study of the Dīwān of Zuhair b. Abī Sulmā, he also studied with S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Laṭīf b. al-Muraḥḥal, al-Fākihānī, etc. As a S̲h̲āfiʿī doctor, he became professor of Ḳurʾānic exegesis at the Ḳubbat al-Manṣūrīya in Cairo; but five years before his death he went…

, Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad ¶ b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusain al-Ribāṭī, an Arab philologist, born about 660 (1261-2) at Tāza, where he died in 730 or 731 or 733 (1329—1333) and was buried, although some place his tomb in Fās, wrongly. Widely acquainted with Islāmic sciences he was particularly esteemed as an authoritative critic of the different recensions of the Ḳurʾān and his al-Durar al-Lawāmiʿ is as popular in North Africa as the Ād̲j̲urrūmīya. After being ʿadl (professional witness) for a period he was appointed to conduct the official correspondence of the gove…

, a term in Arabic prosody applied to a hemistich or half line ( bait); the first hemistich is called ṣadr and the second ʿad̲j̲uz. Each has two, three or four feet, tafʿila or d̲j̲uzʿ. The last foot of the first hemistich is called ʿarūḍ and the last of the second ḍarb. As a general rule, and in the first verse of a poem, the ʿarūḍ foot should have the same measure ( taṣrīʿ) and rhyme ( taḳfiyā) as the ḍarb foot. (Moh. Ben Cheneb)

(a.), syllepsis in oratory, a figure of rhetoric ( badiʿ) which consists in using a word having two different meanings, one obvious and the other secondary, veiling the second sense by the first so that it is the first sense which strikes the listener first. Tawriya is called īhām (dissimulation) because he who uses it conceals the remoter meaning he had in view by the primary sense which is seized on first. It is sometimes called ibhām (“act of concealing or masking”). There are two kinds of tawriya: 1. that which is “deprived” of everything that might indicate the meaning one has in view ( mud̲h̲…

, name of the sixteenth metre in Arabic prosody, added to al-Ḵh̲alīl b. Aḥmad’s list by al-Ak̲h̲fas̲h̲ al-Awsaṭ [q. v.]. It is also called muk̲h̲taraʿ, muḥdat̲h̲, k̲h̲abab, s̲h̲aḳīḳ, muntasiḳ, darb al-k̲h̲ail, rakḍ al-k̲h̲ail, ṣawt al-nāḳūs. It does not seem to have been used by the poets before Islām or of the first century a. h. ¶ It has four feet to the hemistich and two ʿarūḍ and four ḍarb: (Moh. Ben Cheneb)

, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan b. Ras̲h̲īḳ al-Azdī, whose father was perhaps of Greek origin but a client of the Azd, was born at al-Muḥammadīya (al-Masīla) in Algiers about 385 (995) or 390 (1000). He studied first in his native town where he learned his father’s trade of a jeweller, but went to Ḳairawān in 406 (1015-6) and was appointed court-poet by the Fāṭimid Caliph al-Muʿizz. This appointment earned him the enmity of his contemporary Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Abī Saʿīd b. Aḥmad, known as Ibn S̲h̲araf al-Ḳ…

(a.), a term in prosody meaning rhyme generally. The word seems (according to Goldziher, Abhandl. zur Arab. Philologie, i. 83 sqq.) to have originally meant a poetic utterance or a lampoon, then a poem and finally a rhyme. The theory of the ḳāfiya is considered a special science, distinct from ʿarūḍ (prosody proper). It teaches how verses shouldend as regards consonants, vowels, etc. In the narrower sense, ḳāfiya, according to al-Ḵh̲alīl b. Aḥmad [q. v.], is the group of consonants, which begins with the vowelled consonant immediately preceding the last two qui…

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Abī Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm b. Abī Bakr ʿAbd Allāh b. Mālik b. Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. Mālik b. Ibrāhīm b. Yaḥyā b. ʿAbbād al-Nafzī al-Ḥimyarī al-Rundī, generally known as Ibn ʿAbbād, a lawyer, mystic poet, and preacher, was born in 733 (1332-3) in Spain at Ronda, where he spent his youth, learned the Ḳurʾān by heart at the age of seven and began to study language and law. He then went to Fās and Tlemcen to complete his studies. He returned to Morocco, settled at Salā where he studied under Aḥmad b. ʿĀs̲h̲i…

, the first metre in Arabic prosody, has one ʿarūḍ and three ḍarb; the paradigm is: Faʿūlun mafāʿīlun faʿūlun mafāʿīlun in each hemistich. The ʿarūḍ, or last foot of the first hemistich, is always mafāʿilun. The first ḍarb, or last foot of the second hemistich, is mafāʿīlun; the second, mafāʿilun; the third, ( mafāʿī =) faʿūlun. The faʿūlun foot often loses its nūn; the dropping of this is recommended for the foot which immediately precedes the foot forming the third ḍarb. The first faʿūlun of the first hemistich of the first verse of a piece may lose its fa, and combined with the loss of the nūn, w…

, Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Ismāʿīl (or Aḥmad or Muḥammad) b. Sīda, philologist, man of letters, and logician, born at Murcia in Spain and died in Denia aged about 60 on Sunday, 4 days before the end of Rabīʿ II 458 = 25th March 1066. Ibn Sīda was blind and studied with his father, also blind, who was a not unimportant philologist, Abu ’l-ʿAlāʾ Ṣāʿid al-Bag̲h̲dādī, Abū ʿOmar Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Ṭalamankī, Ṣāliḥ b. al-Ḥasan al-Bag̲h̲dādī and others. He attached himself to the court of the Emīr Abu ’l-Ḏj̲ais̲h̲ Mud̲j̲āhid b. ʿAbd Allāh al-ʿĀmirī…

Abū Sākin ʿĀmir b. ʿAlī b. ʿĀmir b. Isfāw, Abāḍī jurisconsult, died at a great age in 792 (= December 20, 1389— December 8, 1390) in one of the villages of the Ifren of the Ḏj̲abal Nafūsa, in Tripolitania. After studying with Abū Mūsā ʿĪsā b. ʿĪsā al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī, he attached himself to Abū ʿAzīz b. Ibrāhīm b. Abū Yaḥyā. On the conclusion of his studies, he settled at Metiwen where he devoted himself to teaching for thirteen years. He then settled in the oasis of Ifren in 756 (= January 16 1355—January 4, 1356). His pupils were: his son Abū ʿImrān Mūsā, his grandson Sulaimān, Abū ’l-Ḳīs…

, the name of the fourth metre in Arab prosody. It consists in theory of three ¶ mufāʿalatun to the hemistich, but in practice the third foot becomes mufāʿal (= faʿūlun). It has two ʿarūḍ and three ḍarb. The first ʿarūḍ has one ḍarb and the second has two: The alterations that may be undergone by the feet are as follows: 1. the fairly frequent disappearance of the vowel of the lām in mufāʿalatun (mufāʿaltun = mafāʿīlun); 2. the rather rare disappearance of the lām and its vowel ( mufāʿatun = mafāʿilun); 3. the excessively rare disappearance of the vowel of the lām and of the nūn (mufāʿaltu = mafāʿīlu).…

, Abu ’l-Ḥusain Aḥmad b. Fāris b. Zakarīyā b. Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb, philologist and grammarian of the school of Kūfa, died at al-Raiy in Ṣafar 395 = Nov.-Dec. 1004. The date and place of his birth are unknown but it is supposed that he was born in a village named Kursuf in the district of al-Zahrā. He studied in Ḳazwīn, Hamad̲h̲ān, Bag̲h̲dād, and on the occasion of his pilgrimage, in Mecca. Among his teachers we may specially mention his father, who was a philologist and S̲h̲āfiʿī jurist, Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. al…

, a term in prosody, indicating the suppression of the second letter when quiescent of a foot beginning with a sabab k̲h̲afīf (see the art. ʿarūḍ). It affects: 1°. fāʿilun (> faʿilun), 2°. mustafʿilun and mustafiʿlun (mutafʿilun = mafāʿilun), 3°. mafʿūlātu (maʿūlālu = fuʿūlātu), 4°. fāʿilātun (faʿilātun). It is found in the metres madīd, basīṭ, rad̲j̲az, ramal, sarīʿ, munsariḥ, Ḵh̲afīf, muḳtaḍab, mud̲j̲tat̲h̲t̲h̲ and mutadārak. (Moh. Ben Cheneb) Bibliography cf. the article ʿarūḍ.

b. Isḥāḳ b. Mūsā b. S̲h̲uʿaib, Abu ’l-Mawadda Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn, known as (Ibn) al-Ḏj̲undī, commonly called Sīdī Ḵh̲alīl in Algeria, a great Mālikī jurist of Egypt, died in Cairo on Rabīʿ I 13, 776 (= Aug. 22, 1374), according to others in 767 or 769. He studied under Ibn ʿAbd al-Hādī, al-Ras̲h̲īdī and notably ʿAbd Allāh al-Manūfī. Born of a Ḥanafī father, he adopted the Mālikī school at the instance of al-Manūfī. On the latter’s death in 749 (1348) Ḵh̲alīl devoted himself to teaching and lectured at the al-S̲h̲aik̲h̲ūnīya school. He also saw service in the victorious guard and in this ca…

(a.), a technical term in Arabic prosody. It means the dropping of the seventh, vowelless consonant of a foot, which ends with sabab k̲h̲afīf (see the article ʿarūḍ, i. 463b). The following feet are liable to kaff: 1. mafāʿīlun, provided that the ī remains (> mafāʿīlu); 2. fāʿilātun and mustafʿīlun (the latter in the k̲h̲afīf), provided that the next foot beginning with a sabab k̲h̲afīf does not suffer k̲h̲abn (> fāʿilātu, mustafʿilu). [In the last mentioned case four short syllables would follow in succession! Editor]. Kaff is therefore found in the metres ṭawīl, madīd, ramal, k̲h̲afī…