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(Greek Achaiménēs), Old Persian proper name Haxāmaniš, traditionally derived from haxā- “friend” and manah “thinking power.”A version of this article is available in printVolume I, Fascicle 4, pp. 414 ACHAEMENES (Greek Achaiménēs), Old Persian proper name Haxāmaniš, traditionally derived from haxā- “friend” and manah “thinking power” (but see Achaemenid Dynasty).i. Founder of Royal House…

i. Achaemenid Period. ii. Sasanian Period. iii. Islamic Period. iv. Safavid and Qajar Periods. v. Pahlavi Period. vi. Islamic Republic. A version of this article is available in printVolume IX, Fascicle 6, pp. 639-654 FISCAL SYSTEM in Persia.FISCAL SYSTEM i. ACHAEMENIDThere probably was no clear distinction between state and royal incomes in the Achaemenid empire. All state receipts were considered royal property, as was the income from the king’s estates (Dandamayev and Lukonin, p. 208).Taxes constituted the most substantial source of government income. Beginning fro…

A version of this article is available in printVolume VI, Fascicle 4, pp. 356-388COURTS AND COURTIERS i. In the Median and Achaemenid periodsAvailable information on the Median and Achaemenid imperial courts is very limited and not entirely reliable. From Herodo…

warlike tribes that in antiquity occupied the hilly country along the upper Tigris near the Assyrian a…

A version of this article is available in printVolume V, Fascicle 6, pp. 631-635i. IN THE ACHAEMENID PERIODAll freeborn inhabitants of the Achaemenid empire were considered subjects of the Persian king. Nevertheless, in some constituent elements of the empire quite different forms of political organization prevailed (e.g., monarchic, oligarchic, aristocratic, democratic, and theocratic), and rulers enjoyed autonomy in internal affairs. Particularly in Babylonian cities, where self-rule was traditional, f…

A version of this article is available in printVolume II, Fascicle 1, pp. 25-26 ANDIA, district to the south or east of lake Urmia which is often mentioned in close connection with Zikirtu in the Assyrian texts. The location of Andia is difficult to determine and depends on the location of Zikirt…