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7.1 European Union’s Treaties with Non-European StatesThe European Union (EU) is an international intergovernmental organization with supranational institutions and competences. Article 47 of the Treaty on EU provides that the EU shall have legal personality. This Article does not define whether the EU can be regarded as a subject of international law and, therefore, has the capacity to enter into treaties (international agreements) with other international organizations and third states. In Costa v. E.N.E.L. the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) held: By creating a…

1.1 The Application of International Law in Central Asian CountriesSince the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) have been recognized as independent actors in international relations with the capacity to enter into international commitments with other states and international organizations. Central Asian countries have become members of the United Nations on 2 March 1992. They have also concluded numerous multi…

13.1 Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC)The Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC) is an area within the capital city of the Republic of Kazakhstan – Nur-Sultan – as the area where a special legal regime in the financial sphere was established by the Constitutional Law on the AIFC adopted on 7 December 2015. In order to ensure the constitutional legitimacy of the AIFC, the Constitution of Kazakhstan was amended by Article 2(3–1), which provides that “[w]ithin the city of Nur-Sultan, a …

9.1 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a regional intergovernmental organisation founded on 8 December 1991 by the Republic of Belarus, the Russian Federation (RSFSR) and Ukraine whereby they jointly declared that the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) had “ceased to exist as a subject of international law and a geopolitical reality” (cf. the first preambular paragraph of the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent…