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Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (Khomaynī) (1902–1989) was the Shīʽī spiritual and temporal leader of Iran’s Islamic Revolution from 1979 until his death. His philosophy shaped the ideology of the revolution and the politics of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Khomeini’s worldview, based on a radical interpretation of Islam, underwent significant changes. Initially, he followed the politically quietist marjaʿ-i taqlīd (Pers. source of emulation) Ayatollah Ḥusayn Burūjirdī (d. 1961). During his years in exile in Iraq and France from 1964 to 1979, however, his views radicalized. He cl…

1. 634-1500The social and cultural history of the Jews in medieval Iran (Persia) mis over a millennium long (ca. 636–1736) and accounts only for about a third of this community’s ancient sojourn in Iran, commonly believed to have begun in 586 B.C.E., when Nebuchadnezzar’s destruction of the First Temple in Jerusalem brought about the exile of most of the Jews of Judea to Babylonia. The scarcity of sound historical information does not permit a full account of the medieval period, which is considered …

relations with Iran. OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Diplomatic and political relations. ii. The Jewish Persian community: forthcoming. iii. Iranian Studies in Israel: forthcoming. iv. Persian art collections in Israel: forthcoming. A version of this article is available in print Volume XIV, Fascicle 2, 3, pp. 213-224 and 234-240 ISRAEL: Relations with Iran. This entry is divided into the following four sub-entries: ISRAEL i. RELATIONS WITH IRAN i. DIPLOMATIC AND POLITICAL RELATIONS WITH IRAN The relationship between Israel and Iran has since the very inception of the Jewis…

(Pers. āmūzeš o parvareš; earlier Ar. Per. taʿlīm o tarbīat) in Iranian-speaking areas. A version of this article is available in print Volume VIII, Fascicle 2, 3, pp. 178-245 EDUCATION (Pers. āmūzeš o parvareš; earlier Ar. Per. taʿlīm o tarbīat) in Iranian-speaking areas. EDUCATION i. IN THE ACHAEMENID PERIOD Little is known of the training of children during the Achaemenid period. In two Elamite documents from Persepolis drafted in the 23rd regnal year of Darius I (499 B.C.E.) “Persian boys (who) are copying texts” are mentioned (Hallock, no…