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or Reʾīs efendi (A., used in Turkey), properly “chief of the men of the pen”, a high Ottoman dignitary, directly under the Grand Vizier, originally head of the chancery of the Imperial Dīwān ( dīwān-i hümāyūn ), later secretary of state or chancellor and Minister of Foreign Affairs. According to d’Herbelot, he was called also reʾīs kitāb . This office, unlike many others, is purely Ottoman, at least as regards the particular line of development that it took. Establishing itself at the expense of the functions of the nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲i̊ [ q.v.], we may say that it owes nothing to the influ…

, ( aḥmed wefīḳ pas̲h̲a ), Ottoman statesman and leading Turkish Turcologist, born 23 S̲h̲awwāl 1238/6 July 1823, died at Istanbul 22 S̲h̲aʿbān 1308/2 April 1891. He came of a family of interpreters, grandson of Bulgar-zāde Yaḥyā Nād̲j̲ī, a dragoman of the Porte converted to Islam, of rūmī origin according to the historian S̲h̲ānī-zāde ʿAṭā Allāh Efendi, of Jewish origin according to A. D. Mordtmann. Aḥmed Wefīḳ accompanied his father Rūḥ al-Dīn Meḥmed Efendi, the Turkish chargé d’affaires in Paris, studied for three ye…

(t.), means 1. the office or title of a pas̲h̲a [ q.v.]; 2. the territory under the authority of a pas̲h̲a (in the provinces). After some of the governors called sand̲j̲aḳ-beyi (or mīr-liwā ) had been raised to the dignity of pas̲h̲a, their territories ( sand̲j̲aḳ or liwā [ q.vv.]) also received the name of pas̲h̲ali̊ḳ . Early in the 19th century, out of 158 sand̲j̲aḳs 70 were pas̲h̲ali̊ḳs . Of these, 25 were pas̲h̲a sand̲j̲ag̲h̲i̊ , i.e. sand̲j̲aḳs in which were the capitals of an eyālet , the residence of the governor-general or wālī of a province. For further details, cf. Mouradgea d’Ohsson, Ta…

or Rikībdār, a Persian derivative from the preceding (Turkish pronunciation rikiābdār, rekiabdar, rekeptar and rikiptar), properly “one put in charge of the stirrup, one who holds the stirrup, when his master mounts” (cf. French estafier, Ital. staffiere, Russ. striemiennoy, English groom of stirrup, words formed from staffa, striemia, stirrup = French estrieu, mod. étrier). In fact, remembering that the word rikāb has been given or has assumed a wider meaning [see the article], ¶ rikābdār meant “a kind of squire, groom or riding attendant who had charge of the care a…

(pronounced: S̲h̲eik̲h̲i, in two syllables, nisba from S̲h̲aik̲h̲, q.v.), nom de plume ( tak̲h̲alluṣ or mak̲h̲laṣ) of a considerable pumber of Turkish poets. V. Hammer mentions sixteen of them in his “ Geschichte der osmanischen Dichkunst”. (See the index s. v. Scheichi). The most important by far was S̲h̲aik̲h̲i Čelebi, alias Mevlānā (Mawlānā) Yūsuf Sinān Germiāni, a Turkish “Romantic” poet. Born at Kütahia (Cotyaeum in Phrygia), the capital of the Germiān, he flourished at the beginning of the 15th century. He is sometimes called s̲h̲aik̲h̲ al-s̲h̲uʿarā, “The s̲h̲eik̲h̲ of the…

, a Turkish patronymic borrowed from the Persian, meaning strictly son or descendant of ʿUs̲h̲s̲h̲āḳī, the latter word being the ethnic from Us̲h̲aḳ (arabicised into ʿus̲h̲s̲h̲āḳ, plur. of ʿās̲h̲iḳ), a town in Asia Minor. ʿUs̲h̲s̲h̲āḳīzāde therefore means a descendant of a man from Us̲h̲aḳ. Two families in Turkey have borne or bear this name: 1. The descendants of ʿUs̲h̲s̲h̲āḳīzāde ʿAbd al-Bāḳī, Ḳāḍī of Mecca and son-in-law of the naḳīb ül-es̲h̲rāf Seirekzāde ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Efendi. He was the third son of the saint S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Ḥasan Ḥusām al-Dīn said to have come …

( Abdülmecid ), Ottoman sultan, son of Maḥmūd II and his second ḳadin Bezm-i ʿĀlem (a remarkable woman), born on Friday, 14 (not 11) S̲h̲aʿbān 1238/25 April 1823. He succeeded his father, whose reforms he was to continue, on 19 (not 25) Rabīʿ II 1255/1 July 1839, a few days after the defeat of Nīzīb (24 June) inflicted on the Turks by Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.]. The concert of the powers, which included, for the first time, Turkey, but not France, saved, however, the Ottoman Empire (Convention of London, 15 July 1840). The most important events of his reign were the proclamation of the k̲h̲aṭṭ-i sher…

(t., from the Pers. pādis̲h̲āh , probably influenced by Turkish basḳaḳ ), the highest official title of honour ( ʿunwān or laḳab ) in use in Turkey until the advent of the Republic and surviving for sometime after that in certain Muslim countries originally part of the Turkish empire (Egypt, ʿIrāḳ, Syria). It was always accompanied by the proper name, like the titles of nobility in Europe, but with this difference from the latter, that it was placed after the name (like the less important titles of bey and efendi ). In addition, being neither hereditary nor givi…

(for ṣadr-i-aʿẓam), strictly “the greatest of the high dignitaries”, a title which from the time of Sulaimān the Magnificent has been borne by the first minister or “grand ¶ vizier” of the Ottoman empire, also called ṣadr-i-ʿālī, ṣāḥib-i-dewlet, destūr-i-ekrem, ṣadāret-penāh, āṣaf-i-aʿẓam (from the name of the legendary minister of Solomon), etc. (cf. below). Earlier he was called weilr (see wazīr), then wezīr-i-ewwet (aʿẓam, ekber). Afterthe suppression of the ‘viziers of the dome” ( ḳubbe wezīrleri) under Aḥmad III, the Ṣadr aʿẓam were appointed by no fixed rule, at the S…

(a., Turkish pronunciation: rikiab and rekiap, “stirrup”) in Persian and Turkish usage at Muḥammadan courts: “the sovereign himself or his presence, the foot of the throne” (metonymy like those of k̲h̲idmet in Sald̲j̲ūḳ usage: hazret or ḥaḍret, k̲h̲āk-i pay etc.). In Turkish (Ottoman, Altai, Čag̲h̲atāi) the stirrup was called üzengi (özengi), older form üzengü, özengü (Ḳudatg̲h̲u Bilig; Baṭṭāl, ed. Kāzān, p. 49). This word passed into certain foreign languages without the initial vowel: Ar. Syr. zangiyya and zangawa “stirrup, ladder or other means of assistance in mounti…

(P., Sanskrit ), seal, signet or signet-ring. Pronounced in Persian mohr and möhr and in Turkish mühür with the second vowel disjunctive and unstable or popularly möhür (Hindoglou, Aucher, Ciakciak and Holdermann) or even, according to Viguier, tnihir. The word has been arabicised in the form of barbarous derivatives like tamhīr “ action of sealing” and mamhūr (synonym: mühürlü) “sealed, hidden”. Muslim legend, according to Mouradgea d’Ohsson (vii. 121), traces the use of seals to Lāhuḳ, vizier of Lātis, son and successor of the Pharaoh of Moses (cf. Carra de Vaux, L’abrégé des mervei…

(a.), councillor, Turkish pronunciation müshīr and müshür (modern orthography müsür) with meaning “Marshal”. Mus̲h̲īr literally means “one who points out, advises”. Cf. also the article mustas̲h̲ār. According to some authorities, mus̲h̲īr was at first (before the ʿAbbāsids) the title of the ministers (later wazīr; q. v.) or secretaries of state ( kātib). So at least we are told by Ibn al-Ṭiḳṭaḳāʾ (ed. Derenbourg, p. 206; transl. Amar, p. 244). Ḵh̲alīl al-Ẓāhirī (ed. Ravaisse, p. 106 and 114) says that “formerly” an official to whom he gives four…

(derived from the Persian s̲h̲inās, the verbal stem of s̲h̲ināk̲h̲ten “to know”), poetical name or tak̲h̲alluṣ of a number of Turkish poets (five in Hammer). See Index to Gibb, A History of Ottoman Poetry and to Hammer, Geschichte der osmanischen Dichtkunst; cf. Rieu, Catal. British Museum, p. 101. The best known of the writers bearing this name is Ibrāhīm S̲h̲ināsi Efendi, who is according to some the father and according to others one of the first pioneers of modern Turkish literature (given new life as a result of the Tanzīmāt). The son of an artillery captain, a native of Bolu, …

a grant of land for military service ( beneficium) or more exactly a kind of Turkish fief, the possession of which entailed upon the feudatory the obligation to go mounted to war ( sefere es̲h̲mek) and to supply soldiers or sailors in numbers proportionate to the revenue of the appanage ( dirlik). The feudatory or “timariot” was called tīmār ṣāḥibī or ehl-i tīmār or tīmār eri (ʿĀs̲h̲iḳpas̲h̲a-zāde, ed. Giese, p. 22, 38, 232) or tīmār sipāhisi or simply sipāhī i. e. “horseman”, whence the popular name sipāhīlik for the tīmār. There were three categories of military fiefs, according to…

(a.) Turkish pronunciation vālide or valde sulṭān; the two words are in apposition, according to Turkish syntax), “the sulṭān Valide” or “sulṭāna mother”, a title borne in the old Ottoman empire by the mother of the reigning sulṭān and only for the duration of her son’s reign. The political history of the Wālide Sulṭān is fairly well known from the Turkish historians, at least as far as those are concerned who took part openly in the government of the country, for example Nūr Bānū, Ṣafīye, Māh-Peiker Kösem and Turk̲h̲an Ḵh̲adīd̲j̲e. We are by no means so well informed about the condi…

or Riyala Bey, abbreviation of riyala-i hümāyūn kapudani̊ “captain of the imperial [galley-] royal” from the Italian riyale (secondary form from reale, abbrev. from galea reale, “the royal galley”), a general officer of the Ottoman navy who commanded the galley of the same name, later “rear-admiral”. There was also a popular pronunciation i̊ryala with the prosthetic i frequent in Turkish in loan-words with an initial r (cf. Hindoglou, p. 113 under “contre-amiral” and p. 457 under “réale”; the form iryala is found as early as Ewliyā Čelebi, viii. 466, 11). The Italian pronunciation riyal…

or Reʾis Efendi (Ar., used in Turkey), properly “chief of the men of the pen”, a high Ottoman dignitary, directly under the grand vizier, originally head of the chancery of the Imperial Dīwān ( dīwān-i hümāyūn), later secretary of state or chancellor and Minister of Foreign Affairs. According to d’Herbelot he was called also reʾīs kitab. This office, unlike many others, is purely Ottoman, at least as regards the particular line of development that it took. Establishing itself at the expense of ¶ the functions of the nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲i [q. v.], we may say that it owes nothing to the inf…

(t.), 1) flag, standard, banner (Arabic liwāʾ), especially of a large size (more important than the bayraḳ, Ar. rāya or ʿalam) and suitable for fixing in the ground or hoisted permanently on a monument or a ship; 2) (nautical term) ensign; pennant ( ikind̲j̲i sand̲j̲aḳ), starboard; 3) formerly a military fief or k̲h̲āṣṣ of a certain extent in the Ottoman empire; 4) a Turkish administrative and territorial division; 5) (in the expression sand̲j̲aḳ tiken-i or diken-i, from the Turkish translation of burhān-i ḳāṭiʿ, p. 88, 25) a synonym of sind̲j̲an tiken-i (on this plant see Barbier de…

, a Turkish noun meaning: 1. (obsolete) regular fireman; 2. (modern usage) volunteer or irregular fireman; 3. (figuratively) a badly brought-up person (R. Youssouf); a street rowdy, a rough (Redhouse), derived from tulumba, “pump, hydraulic machine” (Meninski, Thesaurus, 1680, p. 1375; cf. Relation de l’Ambassade de Mohammed Effendi, Paris 1841, p. 52). The word tulumba is for the Italian tromba with the same meaning, with change of r into l and epenthesis of the disjunctive vowel u between the two initial consonants. One also says yangi̊n tulumbasi̊ “fire-engine” to distinguish …

(t.), means 1. the office or title of a pas̲h̲a [q. v.]; 2. the territory under the authority of a pas̲h̲a (in the provinces). After some of the governors called sand̲j̲aḳ-beyi (or mīr-liwā) had been raised to the dignity of pas̲h̲a, their territories ( sand̲j̲aḳ or liwā; q. v.) also received the name of pas̲h̲ali̊ḳ. Early in the xixth century of 158 sand̲j̲aḳs 70 were pas̲h̲ali̊ḳs. Of these 25 were pas̲h̲a sand̲j̲ag̲h̲i̊, i. e. sand̲j̲aḳs in which were the capitals of an eyālet, the residence of the governor-general or wālī of a province. For further details, cf. Mouradgea d’Ohsson, Tableau …