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[German version] (Ὑψιπύλη, -λεια; Hypsipýlē, - leia). The myth that was originally perhaps autonomous [1. 235f.] and was then interwoven with the journey of the Argonautae and the Theban group of legends is as follows, according to Apollod. 1,114f. (cf. Apoll. Rhod. 1,609ff.; Ov. Pont. 6; Val. Fl. 2,82ff.; Stat. Theb. 5,28ff.; schol. Pind. Nem. hypothesis b): Because of the neglect of her cult, Aphrodite afflicts the Lemnian women (LW) with a bad odour [2; 3] so that the men of Lemnos live with capt…

(Φινεύς; Phineús). [German version] [1] Son of Phoenix and Cassiepeia Son of Agenor ’s[1] son Phoenix [1] and Cassiepeia [1] (Hes. Cat. 138; Pherecydes FGrH 3 F 86; Antimachus fr. 70 Matthews); also son of Agenor himself (Hellanicus FGrH 4 F 95; Apoll. Rhod. 2,237; Nonnus, Dion. 2,680) or Poseidon (Apollod. 1,120). Married first to Cleopatra [I 1], daughter of Boreas and Oreithyia, by whom he fathers two sons (Plexippus/Pandion; Parthenius/Carambis; Mariandynus/Thynus, and others); then to Idaea, the daug…

[German version] (Ὕλας; Hýlas). Son of  Theiodamas (Apollod. 1,117; Apoll. Rhod. 1,1212f.) and Menodice (Hyg. Fab. 14,11); local hero of  Cius. In a quarrel over food (for his son: Callim. Fr. 24),  Heracles kills Theiodamas (Apollod. 2,153; Apoll. Rhod. 1,1212-1219, where Heracles seeks a pretext for war against the Dryopians). Furthermore, according to Apollod. 1,117; Apoll. Rhod. 1,1153-1283, Heracles takes H. with him as his lover on the journey of the  Argonauts. In Mysia, H. is kidnapped by nymphs while fetching water (transformed into an…

[German version] (Σιδηρώ; Sidērṓ), second wife of Salmoneus and, after his death, first wife of Cretheus , the ruler of Iolcus. She torments her stepdaughter Tyro, daughter of Salmoneus and his first wife Alcidice and Cretheus's niece, who grows up with them in Thessaly. Neleus [1] and Pelias, the exposed sons of Tyro and Poseidon, recognize and free their mother; Pelias kills S. on an altar to Hera; Cretheus marries Tyro (Apollod. 1,90-96). In Tragedy S. and Salmoneus in Elis together torment Tyro…

[German version] ()̃Ηρ; Êr). From Pamphylia; the son of Armenius; subject of the eschatological myth in Plat. (Resp. 10,614b ff.): having fallen in war, E. was discovered undecayed after 10 days; when on the 12th day he was about to be burned on the pyre, he came back from the afterlife and, as he had been instructed, reported on his descent or katabasis to the Underworld, with the court of the dead, punishments and rewards, the spindle of Ananke, the casting of lots by Lachesis. Ancient tradition already associates the E. myth with the Orient: in Clem. Al…

(Τάλως/ Tálōs). [German version] [1] Crete's iron guardian Myth of various versions in Apollod. 1,140 f.: T. was one of the bronze race or was given to Minos by Hephaestus (by Zeus to Europe [2]: Apoll. Rhod. 4,1643); he is a bronze man (triple giant: Orph. A. 1351) or a bull; he has a single vein from the neck to the ankles which is sealed at the end by a bronze nail (a membrane: Apoll. Rhod. 4,1647 f.); he runs all the way around Crete three times a day and keeps the Argonauts from landing by throwing…

[German version] (Ἀλκιμέδη, Alkimédē). Daughter of Phylacus and the (Eteo-)Clymene, with Pherecydes (FGrH F 104) wife of Aeson and mother of Jason (and Promachus). Valerius Flaccus (1,730) depicts a heroic Roman matron, who seizes the initiative for a joint death with Aeson through the blood of a bull; according to other versions she hangs (Apollod. 1,143) or suffocates herself (Diod. Sic. 4,50,2 = Dion. Scyt. fr. 35 Scaffolding). Other names: Amphinome (Diod. Sic.), Theognete (Andron FGrH F 5), Arne, Rhoeo, Scarphe (Tzetz. Chil. 6,979 f. and Lycophr. 872).  Aes…

[German version] (Ἄτη; Átē). Verbal noun of ἀάω ( aáō), the etymology of which is unknown ([1]; wordplay in Hom. Il. 19,91;129). In most passages in Hom., A. originally refers to (e.g., Il. 19,270ff.; Od. 11,61) a cluster of ideas typical of early Greece, from which evidently as a secondary process specific meanings can be abstracted by a conceptual contraction process: the confusion of the senses sent by the gods -- the consequent misdeed and the damage that arises from it [2. 56ff.; 3. 1ff.; thus alrea…

[German version] (Καλυψώ; Kalypsṓ, ‘salvager’, ‘rescuer’; Lat. Calypso). The entire C. myth can be traced back to the ‘Odyssey’ [1. 115] (Hom. Od. 1.50ff.; 5.55ff.; 7.244ff.; 12.447ff.; 23.333ff.): C., goddess and nymph, daughter of  Atlas [2] (only Hyg. Fab. praef. 16 mentions her mother  Pleïone), lives with maidservants on the island of  Ogygia. C. takes in  Odysseus who has been drifting on the sea for nine days (Hom. Od. 7,253ff.), makes him her lover and tries to win him over by tempting him …

[German version] (Πελίας; Pelías). Legitimate king of Iolcus, son of Tyro and Poseidon, twin brother of Neleus [1] (Hom. Od. 11,241ff.; Hes. Cat. 30ff.), husband of Anaxibia or Phylomache, father of Acastus and several daughters ( Peliádes), including Alcestis (Apollod. 1,95). Tyro, unmarried and living with her uncle Cretheus and his wife Sidero, exposes the twins P. and Neleus at birth. After their rescue and recognition P. kills Sidero on an altar to Hera, bringing Hera's enmity on himself (Apollod. 1,90ff.; Soph. Tyro), so that he is considered a transgressor ( hybristḗs: Hes. The…

[German version] (Μινύαι; Minýai). Mycenaean-period tribe with a highly developed culture (domed tombs, palace, dyke works on Lake Copais [1. 127ff.]), living both in Boeotia (chief town Orchomenus [1], with the epithet Minyeïos, Hom. Il. 2,511; Hom. Od. 11,284; Hes. fr. 257,4; founded out of Iolcus: Apoll. Rhod. 3,1093ff.) and in southern Thessaly ([1. 139ff.; 2. 205ff.; 3. 243ff.] place name Minya, IG IX 2, 521; Steph. Byz. s.v. Μινύα; M. in Iolcus: Sim. fr. 540 PMG; founded by M.: Demetrios Skepsios fr. 51 Gaede; Strab. 9,2…

(Νιρεύς; Nireús). [German version] [1] Son of Poseidon and Canace Son of Poseidon and the Aeolian Canace (Apollod. 1,53). Dräger, Paul (Trier) [German version] [2] Second most beautiful Greek in the Trojan War Son of Aglaia [2] and Charops [3], the ruler of Syme; weakling and (after Achilles) the second most beautiful Greek in the Trojan War, in which he took part with three ships (Hom. Il. 2,671ff.). N. is killed by his Trojan opposite number Eurypylus [2], the second most beautiful Trojan (Hom. Od. 11,522), (Quint. Smyrn. 6,3…

[German version] (‘the little Maas’, diminutive of Mosa [1]). Lefthand, 545 km long tributary of the Rhine, today the Moselle. Its source was on the Vosegus in the territory of the Leuci, it flowed in the land of the Treveri through the provinces of Gallia Belgica and Germania superior, and its mouth was near Confluentes (Koblenz). Situated on the M. were Divodurum, Augusta [6] Treverorum and Rigodulum (cf. Tac. Ann. 13,53; Tac. Hist. 4,71; 77). The legate of Germania superior, L. Antistius Vetus,…

(Ἄμυκος; Ámykos). [German version] [1] Son of Poseidon and the Bithynian nymph Melia Son of Poseidon and the Bithynian nymph Melia; king of the Bebryians, who sacrifices all foreigners to Poseidon (Val. Fl. 4,99) or challenges them to a boxing match with leather gloves (he is credited with their invention) and kills them (schol. Pl. Leg. 7,796a). Defeated during the Argonaut journey by Polydeuces, the son of Zeus and, according to Apollod. 1,119 and Apoll. Rhod. 2,1, killed (according to Theoc. 22,17 ff.; 131 ff , allowed to live after swearing an oath). Dräger, Paul (Trier) …

[German version] (Μαχάων; Macháōn). In Homer, M., like his brother Podalirius, is the son of Asclepius and like him is a ‘good physician’ and commander of 30 ships from Tricca, Ithome and Oechalia (Hom. Il. 2,729ff.) in Thessaly [1. 47ff.; 2. vol. 2, 17ff.; 3. vol. 1, 225ff.]; he cures Menelaus, who has been wounded by Pandarus, with herbs that Asclepius obtained from Chiron (Hom. Il. 4,192ff.); M. himself is wounded by Paris with an arrow (ibid. 11,505ff.) and revived by Hecamede with a mixed drin…

[German version] (Ἕλλη; Héllē). Daughter of  Athamas and  Nephele, fled with her brother  Phrixus on a golden ram from her stepmother Ino and drowned in the sea, which from then on has been called  Hellespont (Pind. fr. 189; Aesch. Pers. 69f.) (Apollod. 180-182; Ov. Fast. 3,851-876; Hyg. Fab. 1-3; her tomb on the Chersonesus: Hdt. 7,58,2). Valerius Flaccus (5,476ff.; 2,611) associates H. and Phrixus more closely with the  Argonauts, by making Athamas the son of  Cretheus, rather than his brother, a…

[German version] (Αἰήτης; Aiḗtēs). King of Aea/Colchis, son of Helios and Perse(is), brother of Circe, Pasiphae and Perses. Spouse of Idyia or Asterodeia (or Eurylytes: Naupact. fr. 6-7 EpGF), father of Chalciope (whom he married to Phrixus), of Medea, of Apsyrtus/Phaethon (as well as of Circe and Aegialeus in Diod. Sic. 4,45,3 and Dion. Scyt. fr. 20 Rusten): Hom. Od. 10,138 f.; Hes. Theog. 956 ff.; Apollod. 1,83, 129, 147; Apoll. Rhod. 3,240 ff. A. tries to kill Jason for the Golden Fleece, since his power depends on its possession (Val. Fl. 5,236 ff. = Diod. Sic.…

[German version] (Ἀργώ; Argṓ). Ship which carried the Argonauts (Hom. Od. 12,70). A ship with space for fifty oarsmen, constructed out of spruce wood from Pelion (Eur. Med. 3 f.) by Argus the son of Phrixus under the guidance of Athena (Apollod. 1,110). Named after her builder (Apollod. loc. cit.; Pherecydes FGrH F 106) or her speed (Diod. Sic. 4,41,3). The A. was granted the ability to speak (Pherecydes FGrH F 111a; Aeschyl. fr. 20 TrGF 3) by means of a piece of Dodonian oak that Athena set into t…

[German version] (Φρίξος/ Phríxos, Lat. Phrixus). Son of Athamas and Nephele [1], brother of Helle. When Athamas, incited by his second wife Ino (Leucothea), intends to sacrifice P. to Zeus on the basis of an oracle falsified by her, he flees with Helle on a ram with a golden coat sent by Nephele. Helle drowns; P, after his arrival in Aea (Colchis), sacrifices the ram to Zeus Phyxios and gives the fleece to Aeetes who hangs it up in the grove of Ares (as a guarantee of his rule: Diod. Sic. 4,47,6; Va…

(Ἴδμων; Ídmōn). [German version] [1] Seer Son of  Asteria [2] (daughter of the Thessalian  Lapith Coronus) and of Apollo (Val. Fl. 1,228ff.), father of  Thestor, grandfather of  Calchas (Pherecydes, FGrH 3 F 108.). The Argive  Abas [1] is named as his human ‘father’ (Apoll. Rhod. 1,139ff.; Orph. A. 187ff.; Hyg. Fab. 14,11). As a seer with a telling name (‘the one who knows’), what is apparently the original version of the myth of  Argonauts he takes part in the expedition despite his foreknowledge tha…