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, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Ḥibbān al-Tamīmī al-Bustī al-S̲h̲āfiʿī , traditionist. He was born at Bust [ q.v.] ca. 270/883-4 into a family of Arab descent (see his pedigree in Yāḳūt, i, 613 and Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar, Lisān al-Mīzān , v, 114). He travelled in search of traditions through many countries from Transoxania to Egypt (list of places and scholars visited, in Yāḳūt, i, 613-5). Of his teachers none had a greater influence upon him than Abū Bakr Ibn K̲h̲uzavma al-S̲h̲āfiʿī of Nīsābūr who taught him how to ascertain the…

, i.e., “the transmitter”, Ibn Abī Laylā, a collector of Arabic poems, especially the Muʿallḳāt [ q.v.]. He was born at Kūfa in 75/694-5 (the date 95 is a misreading). He was of Iranian stock, his father being a captive from al-Daylam, named Sābūr or Hurmuz or Maysara. Ḥammād, like his namesakes and boon-companions Ḥammād ʿAd̲j̲rad and Ḥammād b. al-Zibriḳān, belonged to a set of beaux-esprits at Kūfa, who at their merry gatherings used to drink wine and recite verses and were in the eyes of the pious suspect of heresy ( zandaḳa ). Ḥammād was very fond of poetry; ma…

( al-Ḥuwaydira ), nickname of the Arabic poet Ḳuṭba b. Aws. Very little is known of his life; he belongs to the Banū T̲h̲aʿlaba b. Saʿd b. D̲h̲ubyān, a tribe of the group G̲h̲aṭafān. He had a quarrel with Zabbān b. Sayyār al-Fazārī and ¶ satirized him in his verses. In another poem he boasts of the victory of his kinsmen at al-Kufāfa. The leader in this battle, K̲h̲ārid̲j̲a b. Ḥiṣn al-Fazārī, later on turned Muslim (Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar, Isāba , i, 222) whilst al-Ḥādira is called a pagan poet ( d̲j̲ahilī ); so we may infer that he lived into the beginning of the 7th cent…

, a Persian ships’-captain ( nāk̲h̲udā ) of Rām-Hurmuz of the first half of the 4th/10th century and author of the Kitāb ʿAd̲j̲āʾʾib al-Hind (Marvels of India). This is a collection in Arabic of 134 stories and anecdotes gathered by the author from ships’-captains, pilots, traders and other seafaring men who used to sail the Indian Ocean and liked to spin a yarn about their adventures in East Africa, the Indian Archipelago and China. Incidentally they also give some information about these countr…

, ʿAmr b. ʿĀmir b. Zayd Manāt (see his genealogy in Ibn Saʿd, viii, 264, 2 in the article on his granddaughter Kabs̲h̲a bint Wāḳid b. ʿAmr, wife of ʿAbd Allāh b. Rawāḥa [ q.v.]), a pagan Arab poet named after his mother al-Iṭnāba, who belonged to the Banu ’l-Ḳayn b. D̲j̲asr of the K̲h̲uzāʿa. He was leader of al-K̲h̲azrad̲j̲ [ q.v.] in their feuds with al-Aws [ q.v.], whose chief was Muʿād̲h̲ b. al-Nuʿmān, father of the well-known Companion of the Prophet Saʿd b. Muʿād̲h̲. Ibn al-Iṭnāba restored peace between the Aws and the K̲h̲azrad̲j̲ by paying the blood-money…

, an Arab poet of the middle Umayyad period. Little is known of his life besides what can be gathered from his verses. His lifetime is fixed approximately by his poems in praise of al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲; one of them (Bakrī, Simṭ al-laʾālī , 649) in which he ridicules ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr [ q.v.] must have been composed during the siege of Mecca in 72/691-2. Another poem (Ṭabarī, ii, 1137) refers to the war of al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲ against Ibn al-As̲h̲ʿat̲h̲ and was therefore written somewhere between 81 and 85 A.H. (cf. also Proverbia Arabum , ii, 326). He is also credited with a satire ( hid̲j̲āʾ …

, al-Hilālī , Arabic poet of the 1st/7th century. Aṣmaʿī (Ibn ʿAsākir, Taʾrīk̲h̲ Dimas̲h̲ḳ , iv, 457) calls him a poet of (early) Islamic times, whose language is correct, but he does not consider him a classic. Marzubānī ( Muwas̲h̲s̲h̲aḥ , 80), D̲j̲umaḥī ( Ṭabaḳāt , 113) and Ibn Ḳutayba ( S̲h̲iʿr , 230) call him islāmī . Amongst his poems is a dirge on the murder of ʿUt̲h̲mān (Ibn ʿAsākir, 458) and verses addressed to the caliph Marwān. Later authorities, however, thought that he was a companion of the Prophet and died in the reign of ʿUt̲h̲mān. His poems ( s̲h̲iʿr ) were …

, abū ʿalī al-fadl b. ḏj̲aʿfar b. al-faḍl b. yūnus al-anbārī al-nak̲h̲aʿī al-kātib , poet and letter-writer of the first half of the 3rd/9th century. He was born in Kūfa in a family of Persian origin which had been living in al-Anbār, but moved to Kūfa and settled in the quarter of the Yemenite tribe al-Nak̲h̲aʿ. On account of his blindness he ¶ was nicknamed al-Baṣīr and al-Ḍarīr ( per antiphrasin, see A. Fischer, ZDMG 61, 430). When Sāmarrā was built in 221/836 he went to the new capital and in spite of his strong and even extreme S̲h̲īʿite leanings he eulogised al-…

, Muwaffaḳ al-Dīn Abu ’l-Baḳāʾ Yaʿīs̲h̲ b. ʿAlī b. Yaʿīs̲h̲ al-Ḥalabī , also known as Ibn al-Ṣāniʿ , Arab grammarian, born at Aleppo on 3 Ramaḍān 553/28 September 1158, died there 25 D̲j̲umādā I 643/18 October 1245. He studied grammar ( naḥw ) and tradition ( ḥadīt̲h̲ ) first in Aleppo, then in 577/1181 in Mosul and finally under Abu ’l-Yumn al-Kindī in Damascus. Then he returned to Aleppo, where he lectured on grammar and literature until his death. Ibn K̲h̲allikān, who was his pupil in 626-7/1229-30, gives a vivid pic…

, nickname of the Arab poet S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn abu ’l-Fawāris saʿd b. Muḥammad b. Saʿd al-Ṣayfī al-Tamīmī . He was born c. 492/1098-9 and died at Bag̲h̲dād on 6 S̲h̲aʿban 574/11 January 1179. He studied fiḳh under al-Wazzān al-S̲h̲āfiʿī at Rayy and ḥadīt̲h̲ under Abū Ṭālib Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad al-Zaynabī and others, but turned to poetry and belles-lettres and gained fame by the elegance of his style. At Ḥilla he eulogized the Banū Mazyad. Then he went to Bag̲h̲dād. In his odes he praised the caliphs, e.g., al-Mustars̲h̲id, al-Muḳtafī, and al-Mustaḍīʿ, but also the Sald̲j̲ūḳ sultans, e.g., Maḥmū…

, ʿUbayd Allāh Abū Yaḥyā , one of the great singers of the early Ḥid̲j̲āzī school of Arabic music, was born in Mecca in 40/660. His father was a slave of Turkish origin, his mother a mawlāt of the Banū Muṭṭalib. He was favoured by the generous cousin of the Prophet, ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḏj̲aʿfar [ q.v.]. Before he became a singer he was a mourner ( nāʾiḥ ) who lamented the dead at funerals. His teacher in music was Ibn Misd̲j̲aḥ [ q.v.]. His greatest pupil was al-G̲h̲arīḍ [ q.v.], who finally outshone his master. Ibn Surayd̲j̲’s art was highly appreciated by the élite of Mecca, and he was i…

, abuʾ l-fatḥ ʿalī b. muḥammad , Arabic poet of the 4th/10th century. He was of Persian origin and a native of Bust [ q.v.] where he studied ḥadīt̲h̲ , fiḳh and adab . He was a pupil of the traditionist Ibn Ḥibbān, who was līving at Bust from 340/951 till his death 354/965. Another traditionist, al-Ḵh̲aṭṭābī (d. 388/1007), was Bustī’s friend. In law he followed the S̲h̲āfiʿī school. As a young man he became secretary ( kātib ) to Bāytūz, the lord of Bust. When in 367/977 Bust was taken by Subuktigīn, al-Bustī went over to the victor. Owing to some in…

Two Arabic philologists of the 4th/10th century, both bearing the same name al-Ḥasan b. ʿAbd Allāh, but of a different kunya , are known by this name, a relative noun derived from ʿAskar Mukram in Ḵh̲ūzistān. (i) abū aḥmad al-ḥasan b. ʿabd allāh b. saʿīd was born in ʿAskar Mukram, on 16 S̲h̲awwāl 293/11 August 906 and died there on 7 Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 382/3 Febr. 993. The date 387/940 is less probable. He began his studies under his father and the traditionist ʿAbdān, d. 306/919, and continued them at Bag̲h̲dād, Ba…

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Yazīd al-Rabaʿī al-Ḳazwīnī , author of the Kitāb al-Sunan , the last of the six canonical collections of tradition, was born according to his pupil D̲j̲aʿfar b. Idrīs ( apud Yāḳūt, iv, 91) in 209/824-5 and died on Saturday 20 Ramaḍān 273/18 February 887 in Ḳazwīn. Mād̲j̲a was the (Persian?) byname of his father, a client of the Banū Rabīʿa. Ibn Mād̲j̲a travelled in search of traditions and learned them from many authorities in ʿIrāḳ, Syria, Ḥid̲j̲āz and Egypt. His Kitāb al-Sunan contains some 4000 traditions in about 150 chapters. It was criticized, be…

, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-Azdī , Arab philologist and lexicographer, born at Baṣra in 223/837 as son of a raʾīs of some standing and wealth. He was a pure Arab belonging to the Azd [ q.v.] of ʿUmān and tracing his pedigree back to Ḳaḥṭān ( Taʾrīk̲h̲ Bag̲h̲dād , ii, 195). He was educated by his uncle al-Ḥusayn b. Durayd who engaged for him as tutor the philologist Abū ʿUt̲h̲mān al-Us̲h̲nāndānī (d. 288). During a voyage on the river, Ibn Durayd learned from his tutor some hundred difficult couplets together with the…

, an ancient Arab tribe whose ancestor Iyād is according to the genealogists the son of Nizār b. Maʿadd and the brother of Rabīʿa, Anmār, and Muḍar. They dwelt first in the Tihāma. The Meccan tradition (see Wüstenfeld, Chroniken , ii, 137 ff.) tells that they drove the D̲j̲urhum from Mecca and made themselves masters of the Kaʿba, but were turned out after a quarrel with the Ḵh̲uzāʿa. They went to Baḥrayn, where they formed with other tribes the confederation al-Tanūk̲h̲ [ q.v.]. Then they moved into ʿIrāḳ where the Sawād, the fertile region between the desert and the Euphrat…

bint munḳid̲h̲ b. salmān al-tamīmiyya , a legendary figure of the pre-Islamic sagas ( ayyām al-ʿArab ), said to be responsible for the murder of Kulayb b. Rabīʿa al-Tag̲h̲libī and the ensuing war ( ḥarb al-Basūs ) between the tribes of Bakr b. Wāʾil and Tag̲h̲lib b. Wāʾil. For the question of the historical background see art. kulayb b. rabīʿa . In the legend Kulayb is represented as a tyrant who disregarded the time-honoured customs of the Bedouins and usurped for himself the right of pasture and of hunting in his self-chosen preserves. Once al-Basūs, w…

(not Ḥāzim, see ʿAbd al-Ḳādir, Ḵh̲izānat al-adab 1, ii, 262) the most considerable pre-Islamic poet of the Banū Asad b. Ḵh̲uzayma in the second half of the sixth century. al-Farazdaḳ, Dīwān (ed. Ṣāwī) 721, mentions him amongst his predecessors. Abū ʿAmr b. al-ʿAlāʾ counts him among the classics ( fuḥūl ). His poems were collected by al-Aṣmaʿī and Ibn al-Sikkīt ( Fihrist 158, 6). Abū ʿUbayda wrote a commentary on his Dīwān which was utilised by ʿAbd al-Ḳādir l.c. ii, 262, 4. The Mufaḍḍaliyyāt , Nrs. 96-99 ed. Lyall, contain four poems of Bis̲h̲r; the last o…

, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm Abu ’l-ʿAbbās S̲h̲ams al-Dīn al-Barmakī al-Irbilī al-S̲h̲āfiʿī , Arabic biographer, b. 11 Rabīʿ II 608/22 September 1211 at Irbil in a respectable family that claimed descent from the Barmakids. At the age of two, he lost his father, who was mudarris in the Muẓaffariyya college founded by the Begteginid [ q.v.] Muẓaffar al-Dīn Gökburi (see Ibn K̲h̲allikān. no. 558). He began his studies under his father’s successor S̲h̲araf al-Dīn al-Irbilī ( ibid., no. 44); he then continued them from 626/1229 in Aleppo under Ibn S̲h̲addād ( ibid., no. 852) and Ibn Yaʿīs̲h̲ ( i…

b. Saʿd b. Ḳays (b.) ʿAylān , an Arab tribe. They were, according to the genealogists, the brothers of Bāhila [ q.v.]. Their grazing-grounds lay between Bīs̲h̲a [ q.v.] and the later ḥimā Dariyya [ q.v.]. Being small in number they were never prominent. In pre-Islamic times one of them, Riyāḥ b. As̲h̲all, killed towards the middle of the 6th century A.D. S̲h̲aʾs, the son of Zuhayr b. ¶ Ḏj̲ad̲h̲īma, the powerful chieftain of the ʿAbs ( A g̲h̲ānī 1, x, 9 ff., 16). Riyāḥ’s daughter Ḵh̲abiyya was married to Ḏj̲aʿfar b. Kilāb b. Rabiʿa ( Naḳāʾiḍ Ḏj̲arīr wa ’l-Farazdaḳ , 106, 10; Mufaḍḍaliyyāt …