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, the name of a family of saiyids and scholars established at Damascus in the xith—xiith (xviith—xviiith) centuries. 1. The founder of the family, Murād b. ʿAlī al-Ḥusainī al-Buk̲h̲ārī, born 1050 (1640), was the son of the naḳīb al-as̲h̲rāf of Samarḳand. He travelled in his youth to India, where he was initiated into the Naḳs̲h̲bandī ṭarīḳa by S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Muḥammad Maʿṣūm al-Fārūḳī, and after extensive journeys through Persia, the Arab lands and Egypt settled in Damascus about 1081 (1670). He subsequently made several visits to Mekka and Constantinopl…

, the name given to the first Muslim dynasty of independent governors and rulers of Egypt. The founder of the dynasty, Aḥmad b. Ṭūlūn [q. v.], entered Fusṭāṭ as the deputy of the fieffee of Egypt, the Turkish general Bāyakbāk, on 23rd Ramaḍān 254 (15th September 868), and in the course of the next ten years succeeded in uniting Egypt and Syria under his rule, in virtual independence of the Caliphate. He died on 10th Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 270 (10th May 884), having nominated as his successor his son Ḵh̲umārawaih [q. v.], who, after a brilliant reign of twelve years, was murdered at Damascus on 17th Ḏh̲u ’l…

, a village and district on the right bank of the Nile, fifty miles north of Ḵh̲arṭum. In the xvith century the governorship of the surrounding territory was conferred by the Fūnd̲j̲ ruler, ʿUmāra Dunḳās, on ʿAbd Allāh Ḏj̲amāʿa (d. 1554—1562) of the Arab tribe of Rufāʿa. His descendants, the ʿAbdallāb, maintained their position as a semi-independent dynasty with the title of Mānd̲j̲il or Mānd̲j̲ilak until the Egyptian conquest, but transferred their seat from Ḳerrī to Ḥalfāyat al-Mulūk after the rise of S̲h̲endī in the latter part of the xviiith century. (H. A. R. Gibb) Bibliography H. A. …

, Abū Tamīm Maʿadd b. Ismāʿīl al-Manṣūr, fourth Fāṭimid caliph, was born at Mahdīya on 11th Ramaḍān 319 (28th Sept. 931), proclaimed heir-apparent in (952—953), and succeeded to the throne in S̲h̲awwāl of the same year (March 953). His first object was to restore the Fāṭimid power, which had been reestablished in Ifrīḳiya by his father, over the remaining provinces of the Mag̲h̲rib. In 342 he led in person an army of Kitāma into the Awrās mountains and not only reduced the turbulent tribes of that region for the …

Abu ’l-Ḳāsim Aḥmad b. al-Mustanṣir, ninth Fāṭimid Caliph, born 20th Muḥarram, 467 [Sept. 16, 1074] (so in all the best sources and in al-Mustanṣir’s letter to Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-Ṣulaihī, quoted in Idrīs, vii. 152), the youngest son of his father. At this time it was generally assumed in the Ismāʿīlī organization that the eldest son, Nizār (born 437), would, in accordance with custom, succeed his father in the imāmate, although no formal investiture with the wilāyat al-ʿahd appears to have been made. The influence of the all-powerful wazīr Badr al-Ḏj̲amālī, however, and of …

al-Malik al-ʿĀdil, Badr al-Dīn Anū S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʾ Mad̲j̲d al-Islām, Fāṭimid wazīr, of Armenian origin, succeeded his father Ṭalāʾiʿ [q. v.] after the latter’s assassination on 20th Ramaḍān 556 (Sept. 12, 1161), and remained in office for fifteen months. The only event of importance during this period was a Berber invasion in 557 (1162) under Ḥusain b. Nizār [see nizār b. al-mustanṣir], who was captured and put to death. Ruzzīk inherited the literary tastes of his father and is said to have governed well, but when, in the same year, he attempted to remove h…

(ʿIlm al-Taʾrīk̲h̲), Historiography, as a term of literature, embraces both annalistic and biography (but not as a rule literary history). The development of Arabic and Persian historiography is summarized below in four sections: A. From the origins to the third century of the Hid̲j̲ra; B. From the third to the sixth centuries; C. From the end of the sixth to the beginning of the tenth century; D. From the tenth to the thirteenth centuries. For the historical literature of the Ottoman Turks see the article turks (vol. iv. 947 sqq.), and for that written in Malay the article malays (vol. iii.…

, the name of a family of scholars and jurists established at Damascus in the xth—xith (xvith—xviith) centuries, the descendants of Muḥibb al-Dīn Abu ’l-Faḍl Muḥammad b. Abū Bakr, originally of Ḥamā (949—1016 = 1542—1608). The most famous member of the family was his great-grandson, Muḥammad Amīn b. Faḍl Allāh, born at Damascus in 1061 (1651). After completing his studies in Constantinople, he returned to Damascus in 1092 (1681) and engaged in teaching and literary work there until his death in 1111 (1699), except for a short interval during which he served as nāʾib to the ḳāḍī of Mekka…

, Fāṭimid claimant, born 10th Rabīʿ I 437 (Sept. 26, 1045). On the death of his father, having been displaced by his youngest brother al-Mustaʿlī [q. v.], Nizār fled to Alexandria, took the title of al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn Allāh, and rose in revolt early in 488(1095) with the assistance of the governor, Naṣr al-Dawla Aftakīn, who was jealous of al-Afḍal, and the population of the city. He was at first successful in driving back al-Afḍal and advanced as far as the outskirts of Cairo, supported by Arab auxi…

(properly Suʿūd) b. Muḥammad of the Muḳrin clan of ʿAnaza, the founder of the Wahhābī dynasty of the Āl-Saʿūd in Nad̲j̲d [see the article ibn saʿūd], succeeded his father as amīr of Darʿīya in 1137 (1724) or 1140 (1727). His association with the reformer Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb [cf. wahhābīya] began in 1157 (1744). Thereafter until his death (end of Rabīʿ I, 1179 = Sept. 1765) the history of his reign consists of an unceasing and on the whole indecisive struggle against the neighbouring settlements and tribes and his former suzerains, the B…

Abū ʿUbaid Allāh, son of Abu ’l-Sād̲j̲ Dīwdād, an Eastern Iranian (not Turkish) noble from Us̲h̲rūsana in Mā-warāʾ al-Nahr (see Barthold, Turkestan, G. M.S., p. 169). For his early career see the article sād̲j̲ids. After his rupture with Ḵh̲umārawaih he returned to Bag̲h̲dād (276 = 889) and appears to have remained there (cf. Ṭabarī, iii. 2122) until his appointment as governor of Ād̲h̲arbāid̲j̲ān in 279 (892). Though on his arrival he had entertained friendly relations with the Bagratid king of Armenia, Sembat (ace. 891), afte…

(a.), literally “substitute, delegate” (nomen agentis from n-w-b “to take the place of another”), the term applied generally to any person appointed as deputy of another in an official position, and more especially, in the Mamlūk and Dihlī Sulṭānates, to designate a. the deputy or lieutenant of the Sulṭān and b. the governors of the chief provinces (see also the article egypt, above, vol. ii., p. 16a). In the Mamlūk system the former, entitled nāʾ ib al-salṭana al-muʿaẓẓama wa-kāfil al-maniālik al-s̲h̲arīfa al-islāmīya, was the Vice-Sulṭān proper, who administered all the te…

, Abū Tamīm Maʿadd b. ʿAlī al-Ẓāhir, eighth Fāṭimid Caliph, born 16th Ḏj̲umādā II, 420 (July 2, 1029) (According to Idrīs, on 16th Ramaḍān = Sept. 29), succeeded his father al-Ẓāhir [q. v.] 15th S̲h̲aʿbān 427 (June 13, 1036), and died 18th Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 487 (Jan. 10, 1094), after the longest recorded reign of any Muslim ruler and one which, besides being marked by the most violent fluctuations of fortune, was of critical importance in the history of the Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlī movement. Internal history. During the childhood of ¶ al-Mustanṣir the authority remained at first in the s…