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[German version] A. Definition Since the 1920s sociologists (Chicago School) have studied the phenomenon of marginalized groups (MG). In the German-speaking countries scholars have used the term ( Randgruppen) since the 60s. MG are defined as minorities ‘who are seen by the majority as outside of the social norm, and who therefore have the status of social outsiders ... groups who are socially declassed and/or are socially despised. A significant percentage of them live in poverty’ [3. 666]. Population groups whose values,…

[German version] Celtic people in the area around Comum (Str. 4,6,6: Οὐέννωνες/ Ouénnōnes), subjugated by the Roman proconsul P. Silius [II 7] in 16 BC (Cass. Dio 54,20,1: Οὐέννιοι/ Ouénnioi), probably identical with the Vennonetes mentioned by Plin. HN 3,136 in an inscription on the Tropaeum Alpium (CIL V 7817; Tropaea Augusti ). The V. mentioned in Str. 4,6,8 as a subtribe of the Vindelici should probably be distinguished from the latter, and similarly the Vennonenses located by Plin. HN 3,135 on the upper reaches of the Rhenus [2]; these in turn are presumably the Οὐέννονες ( Ou énnones…

[German version] Ligurian tribe in the  Alpes Maritimae, subjugated by Augustus (Plin. HN 3,137;  cf. the inscription on the Augustus Arch in Segusio: CIL V 7231). Graßl, Herbert (Salzburg) Bibliography G. Barruch, Les peuples préromaines du sud-est de la Gaule, 1969, 360 f.

[German version] (Οὐίντιον). Municipium in the Alpes Maritimae in the territory of the Ligurian Nerusii (Ptol. 3,1,41; Notitia Galliarum 17,8), modern Vence to the west of Nice; a bishopric since the 5th century  (Greg. Tur. Franc. 9,24). Graßl, Herbert (Salzburg) Bibliography G. Barruol, Les peuples préromains du sud-est de la Gaule, 1969, 368 f.  Rivet, 342.

[German version] (also L. Pelsois, L. Pelsodis). Lake in Pannonia (today 591 km2, 106 m above sea level, average depth 3 m), important as a shipping route with many overland connections, modern Balaton in western Hungary. Pliny (HN 3,146) has Lacus Pelso (LP) border on the territory of the Norici ( Noricum) and the deserta Boiorum ( Boiohaemum), which commonly led to the assumption that Lake Neusiedel was also called LP [1. 26f.; 2; 3. 61]. While the area west of LP is supposed to have been dependent on the Norici in the early 1st cent. AD [4. 15f.]…

[German version] Modern Mont Cramont on the route of the Little St Bernard Pass, over which, according to Coelius Antipater (HRR fr. 14 = Liv. 21,38,7), Hannibal crossed the Alps. Graßl, Herbert (Salzburg)

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Theatre | Batavian Revolt Mod. Ivrea, Celtic settlement at the confluence of the Dora and the Padus. the Roman citizen colony was founded in 100 BC at the order of the Sibylline oracle (Plin. HN 3,123) within the territory of the  Salassi (Ptol. 3,1,30; falsely Vell. Pat. 1,15,5 in Bagiennis). According to Str. 4,6,7, there was a slave market in E. for the subjugated Alpine tribes, and Plin. HN 21,43 mentions E. for its perfume production. In late antiquity, it becam…

[German version] Capital of the Veragri on the route through the Great Saint Bernard pass from Italy to Gaul, modern Martigny. In 57 BC the battle between the Twelfth Legion under Sulpicius Galba and the Gauls took place there (Caes. B Gall. 3,1,4); Roman occupation in c. 15 BC. Under Claudius in c. AD 47, O. was refounded as Forum Claudii Augusti or Vallensium with Latin rights (Plin. HN 3,135). In the subsequent period it grew into a reloading point for Alpine traffic, laid out like an insula, with forum (with basilica), baths, nymphaeum, amphitheatre, Gallo-Roman peripteral tem…

[German version] Celtic tribe in the valley of the Duria Maior (modern Dora Baltea); according to Cato in Plin. HN 3,134, part of the Taurisci. The S. controlled the western passes of the Alps (Liv. 21,38,7; Str. 4,6,11) and collected road tolls (Str. 4,6,7; App. Ill. 17). Rich gold deposits allowed them to mint their own coins, but led to conflicts with neighbouring tribes and Roman publicani ('tax farmers'; Plin. HN 18,182). In 143 BC, Claudius [I 22] subjugated the S. (Cass. Dio 22 fr. 74,1; Liv. per. 53; Obseq. 21; Oros. 5,4,7). When the…

[German version] A navigable river having its source in the Norian Alps (Plin. HN 3,147), flowing into the Danube at Mursa in Pannonia, modern Drava. Some cosmographers also have the Draus rise in the Danube (cosmographia 1,20; 24; Iulius Honorius, cosmographia B 24). The Draus was an important transportation route (Ven. Fort. Vita Martini 4,649) and enjoyed veneration in Pannonia as a river deity. Graßl, Herbert (Salzburg)

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Coloniae | Legio | Moesi, Moesia | Pannonia now Ljubljana (Laibach). Favourably situated on the amber route and on the link between the Balkans and Italy on the banks of the navigable Ljubljanica. Intensively settled from the 12th cent. BC (Necropoleis from the Urnfield culture and the early Iron Age). Probably a military settlement under Augustus (garrison of the legio XV Apollinaris). City founded as colonia Iulia Emona (Plin. HN 3,147), systematically designed in rectangular form (522 × 432 m) around the   cardo and   dec…

[German version] A. Knowledge of the Alps Proto-Indo-European term for ‘mountain’. Ancient etymology Fest. 4,9 f. (from the white colour of the snow); Serv. Georg. 3,474; Aen. 4,442; 10,13; schol. Luc. 1,183; Isid. Orig. 14,8,18 (Celtic ‘high mountains’). Other mountain ranges are also called Alpes (Pyrenees, Alpes Bastarnicae, Numidicae). First mentions at Hdt. 4. 49. 2 (Alpis river) and Lycoph. 1361 (Salpia) are uncertain. Since Hannibal's march in 218 BC, more exact information is available. Expansi…

[German version] (Τρικόριοι; Trikórioi). Celtic people of Gallia Narbonensis (Plin. HN 3,34) in the valley of the Drac in the Alps (Str. 4,1,11; 4,6,5). In 218 BC Hannibal [4] marched through their territory (Liv. 21,31,9; Amm.  Marc. 15,10,11). In 58 BC they joined the march of the Helvetii  (cf. App. Celt. 1,8: Τρίκουροι). Graßl, Herbert (Salzburg) Bibliography G. Barruol, Les peuples préromains du sud-est de la Gaule, 1969, 325-330.

[German version] Name of two tributaries of the Po (Plin. HN 3,118). The shorter of the two, today called the Dora Riparia, flows along the Alpine pass at Mont Genèvre (Liv. 5,34,8); the longer, gold-bearing (Str. 4,6,7) Dora Baltea flows through the Aosta valley past Ivrea, and joins the Po near Industria (near modern Crescentino). Graßl, Herbert (Salzburg)

[German version] Celtic people in the western Alpes, subjugated by  Augustus (G.) between 25 and 14 BC (Plin. HN. 3,137). A treaty of hospitality (σύμβολον πρὸς Οὐελαυνίους) with a Greek city is recorded by a Greek inscription on a bronze hand (2nd/1st cent. BC, IG XIV 2432, now in the Cabinet des Médailles in Paris). Graßl, Herbert (Salzburg) Bibliography G. Barruol, Les peuples préromains du sud-est de la Gaule, 1969, 372 f.

[German version] Alpine people in the modern Val Trompia (regional name Trumplia: CIL III 7452); subjugated in 16 BC by P. Silius [II 7]  (Plin. HN 3,136) and assigned to the municipium of Brixia. The T. are mentioned in an inscription at the Sebasteion in Aphrodisias [1] (AE 1982, 892 o). A princeps and a praefectus cohortis Trumplinorum (CIL V 4910) attest to recruiting from the tribe by the Roman army. Graßl, Herbert (Salzburg)

[German version] City in Pannonia on the Amber Road, modern Sopron (in Hungary). A late Celtic hilltop settlement,  it was used as a place of relocation of veterans in the early 1st cent. AD (Plin. HN 3,146); from the time of Domitianus (AD 81-96) municipium Flavium S. (Ptol. 2,14,4). Destroyed in the war against the Marcomanni (AD 167-182), it was fortified and had a Christian congregation from the beginning of the 4th cent. AD. The forum, castle wall, amphitheatre and necropoleis have been investigated. Graßl, Herbert (Salzburg) Bibliography J. Gömöri, Recent Archaeological Find…

[German version] Four tribes in the Wallis canton (ILS 169: civitates quattuor Vallis Poeninae). The territory of the Nantuatae, Veragri, Seduni and Uberi was occupied by Rome in its Alpine campaign of 16/15 BC and initially administered in common with Raetia and Vindelicia (Vindelici) under a legatus. Claudius [III 1] united the V. with the Alpes Graiae, whose procurator occasionally had a residence in Octodurus. This new civitas was given Latin law (Plin. HN 3,135). Graßl, Herbert (Salzburg) Bibliography G. Walser, Studien zur Alpengeschichte in antiker Zeit, 1994, 59-…

[German version] Lake formed by the river Rhenus at the northern foot of the Alps (538.5 km2, greatest depth 252 m), named after the Brigantii ( Brigantium) who lived there, modern Lake Constance. Mentioned by Str. 4,3,3 without a name of its own (cf. also Str. 4,4,9; 7,1,5; 5,1; Mela 3,24; Cass. Dio 54,22,4; first by Plin. HN 9,63: lacus Raetiae Brigantinus). Inhabitants of the region were the Vindelici, Helvetii and Raeti. Mela 3,24 differentiates between the upper lake ( lacus Venetus) and the lower lake ( lacus Acronus). Plin. HN 9,63 mentions a type of fish, mustela, in the lacus Briganti…

[German version] (Ὀυάραγροι/ Ouáragroi). One of the four people in the Swiss canton of Wallis (Ceutrones [2], Caturiges, Nantuatae; cf. Str. 4,6,6) with chief town Octodurus. As inhabitants of Mons Poeninus (Liv. 21,38,9) the V. organised traffic over the Great Saint Bernard pass. In 57 BC they were attacked by Caesar's legate Sulpicius [I 12] Galba (Caes. Gall. 3,1,1; Cass. Dio 39,5,2), but subjugated only later, by Augustus (Plin. HN 3,137; CIL V 7817). Graßl, Herbert (Salzburg) Bibliography G. Barruol, Les peuples préromains du sud-est de la Gaule, 1969, 310 f. A. Geiser, Un mo…