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(Ottoman form, ʿIṣmet), b. 1884, died 1973, Turkish military commander and statesman, who served on three occasions as Prime Minister in the Turkish Republic (October 1923-November 1924; March 1925-November 1937; and November 1961-February 1965) and once as President (1938-50). He played an important part in the Turkish War of Independence (1919-12), made significant contributions to the institutional framework of the new Turkish Republican state, initiated multi-party politics in 1945, acted as…

Bülent Ecevit (1926–2006) was a Turkish politician, poet, and journalist. His father, Fahri Ecevit (d. 1951), was a law professor and a Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (Republican People’s Party, CHP) MP, and his mother, Nazlı Ecevit (d. 1985), a well-known painter. After briefly attending Ankara Erkek Lisesi (Ankara Boy’s High School), Ecevit enrolled at the American-sponsored Robert College in Istanbul, from which he graduated in 1944. He first worked as a journalist and then joined the Basın Yayın Gen…

Süleyman Demirel (1924–2015) was a prominent Turkish politician, prime minister, and president. He came from a modest but respected family of peasant farmers and was the first major Turkish leader of truly peasant origins. After graduating from Istanbul Technical University in 1949 as a civil engineer, he became general director of Devlet Su İşleri (State Water Works) in 1955, at the age of only thirty-one. Demirel joined the Adalet Partisi (Justice Party, AP) in 1962 and became party chairman in November 1964. Following the AP’s victory in the 10 November 19…

İsmet (ʿIṣmet) İnönü (1301/1884–1973) was a Turkish general and statesman and the second president of the Republic of Turkey. In 1323/1904, a year after graduating from the Erkan-ı Harbiye Mektebi (Erkān-ı Ḥarbiyye Mektebi, Army Staff College), he entered the then-secret İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti (İttiḥād ve Teraqqī Cemʿiyyeti, Committee of Union and Progress, CUP). Following the advent of the Second Constitutional Period in 1326/1908, İnönü became an active member of the Committee’s Edirne bran…

(en ottoman, ʿIṣmet) (1884-1973). Général turc et homme d’État, premier ministre de la République Turque à trois ¶ reprises (oct. 1923-nov. 1924; mars 1925-nov. 1937; nov. 1961-févr. 1965) et Président de la République une fois (1938-1950). Il avait joué un rôle important dans la guerre d’indépendance turque (1919-21) et apporté une contribution importante à la mise en place constitutionnelle du nouvel État républicain turc. En 1945, il fut l’initiateur du multi-partisme politique et le défenseur de l’applicatio…