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Echoic deontics are expressions referring to obligations or acts of volition with which the speaker disagrees and achieving this reference through echoically reproducing the grammatical or lexical means by which such obligations or acts of volition are customarily expressed. In a further development, echoic deontics may acquire epistemic and evidential functions.  Languages develop regular means of expressing deontic modality, i.e., modal meanings in the sphere of obligations resulting from general norms of behavior or individual acts of voli…

This article discusses constructions that are morphologically characterized by an (enclitic or affixal) marker of reflexive origin and that are functionally neither properly reflexive nor passive. Typologically, they can be situated in the conceptual domain of the middle voice. The article concentrates on conceptual and diachronic links between the different types of reflexive-marked middles.Traditionally used to refer to one of the values of the category of voice in languages like Classical Greek or Sanskrit, the term “middle voice” is mostly u…