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Warna

(1,955 words)

Author(s): Ivanova, Svetlana
, conventionally Varna , a town and seaport of northeastern Bulgaria, important in Ottoman Turkish times (lat. 43° 12’ N., long. 27° 57’ E.). It is situated on the Black Sea coast, on a bay of the Sea near the Devnya lake, with the region of Dobrud̲j̲a [ q.v.] to its north. At present, with 400,000 inhabitants, it is the third largest city in Bulgaria and its largest port, with road, rail and ferry connections. 1. Historical survey. Varna has an ancient history. The Greek colony of Miletus-Odessos was founded on its site in the 6th century B.C., and on the Devnya lake the…

S̲h̲umnu

(2,371 words)

Author(s): Ivanova, Svetlana
, the most frequently-found Ottoman form (see below), Bulgarian S̲h̲umen , a town in northeastern Bulgaria, at the foot of the steep slopes of the S̲h̲umen plateau, a situation which makes S̲h̲umen as beautiful from an artistic point of view as it is from a military one (Moltke). It is a crossroads for ways towards the Stara Planina passes, the Danube and the Black Sea. The small but turbulent river of Bokludža (Porojna), a major factor in the shaping of the town, originates from the karst springs. In the past, the spring water was conducted by pipes to mosques and by waḳi̊f and maḥalle

Ṣofya

(4,084 words)

Author(s): Ivanova, Svetlana
, the Ottoman form for Sofia, the present-day capital of Bulgaria [ q.v.]. It is situated in the southern part of the Sofia plain at an altitude of 550 m/1,800 feet, at the foot of the mountains Vitoša and Ljulin; it has a temperate continental climate; a number of affluents of the river Iskăr run through the city; there are many mineral springs; and it lies on the main road between Central Europe and Istanbul, and that between Vidin on the Danube and Thessaloniki. Its successive names were Serdnopolis (Thracian population); Serdica (Roman name), Ulpia Serdica (from the second …

Ti̊rnowa

(868 words)

Author(s): Ivanova, Svetlana
, the Ottoman name of a town in northern Bulgaria, capital of the Bulgarian rulers from the 12th to the 14th centuries, called until 1965 Tarnovo, now Veliko Tarnovo. It is situated on the River Yantra, whose waters have cut into the limestone hills where the town is situated. It was fortified by the Romans and Byzantines, until in 1185 the local feudal lords Assen and Peter rose up against the Byzantines, and Tarnovo became the capital of the restored Bulgarian monarchy. The mediaeval town had some 40 churches and five monasteries, a Frenk town for Western Europea…

S̲h̲umnu

(2,532 words)

Author(s): Ivanova, Svetlana
, la forme ottomane la plus courante, en bulgare S̲h̲umen, ville du Nord-est de la Bulgarie, au pied des pentes escarpées du plateau de S̲h̲umen, situation particulièrement favorable du point de vue esthétique comme du point de vue militaire (Moltke). C’est un important carrefour routier vers les passes de la Stara Planina, le Danube et la Mer Noire. La petite, mais turbulente rivière Bokludža (Porojna), responsable au premier chef de la formation de l’agglomération, prend naissance à des sources karstiques. Dans le passé, les eaux de source étaient acheminées ¶ par des canalisation…

Ti̊rnowa

(920 words)

Author(s): Ivanova, Svetlana
, nom ottoman d’une ville de la Bulgarie septentrionale, capitale des souverains bulgares du XIIe au XIVe siècles, appelée jusqu’en 1965 Tarnovo, aujourd’hui Veliko Tărnovo. Elle est située sur la rivière Yantra, dont les eaux avaient creusé le lit dans les collines de calcaire, là où se trouve la ville. Elle fut occupée et fortifiée par les Romains et les Byzantins, jusqu’à ce qu’en 1185 les seigneurs féodaux locaux Assen et Petăr se soulevèrent contre les Byzantins et Tărnovo devint alors la capitale d’une nouvelle mo…

Warna

(2,089 words)

Author(s): Ivanova, Svetlana
, plus communément Varna, ville, et port maritime du Nord de la Bulgarie, importante à l’époque des Turcs Ottomans (43° 12’ N., 27° 57’ E.). Située sur une baie de la côte de la Mer Noire, proche du lac Devnya, au Sud de la région de la Dobrud̲j̲a [ q.v.], elle est actuellement, avec ses 400.000 hab., la troisième plus grande ville de Bulgarie et son plus grand port, centre de liaisons par la route, le rail et le ferry. 1. Exposé historique. L’histoire de Varna est ancienne. La colonie grecque de Milet-Odessos fut fondée sur ce site au VIe av. J.-C, et sur le Lac Devnya s’éleva la fondation d…

Sofia

(3,809 words)

Author(s): Ivanova, Svetlana
, capitale de la Bulgarie, dans la partie méridionale de la plaine de Sofia; altitude 550 m; aux pieds des monts Vitosa et Ljulin; climat continental tempéré; plusieurs affluents de la rivière Iskâr traversent la ville; beaucoup de sources d’eau minérale; sur la route principale entre l’Europe centrale et Istanbul, et entre Vidin, sur le Danube, et Thessalonique. Noms successifs : Serdnopolis (population thrace); Serdica (nom romain); Ulpia Serdica (depuis le second quart du IIe siècle de notre ère); Triadica (nom byzantin); Sredec (nom bulgare, depuis le IXe siècle); Atralissa (I…