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(1919-1985), noted poet and writer. His literary career paralleled the dominant social, political, and literary trends of the middle decades of 20th century Iran. TAVALLALI, FEREYDUN (b. Shiraz, 1919; d. Shiraz, 30 May 1985), noted poet and writer. Tavallali’s father, Jalāl Khan, was a descendant of the Tavallali clan from the ʿAmala branch of Qašqāʾi tribe whose family had migrated to Shiraz. He lost his mother when he was six years old. He attended Namāzi Primary School and Solṭāni Secondary School in Shiraz. Bahāʾ al-Din Pāzārgād…

(1909-1968), prominent poet and lyricist, better known as Rahi. MOʿAYYERI, Mohammad Hasan, better known as Rahi (Moḥammad Ḥasan Moʿayyeri, b. Tehran, 1 April 1909; d. Tehran, 14 November 1968), prominent poet and lyricist. Born six months after his father’s untimely death, Moʿayyeri was named for the departed Moḥammad Ḥasan Moʾayyad Ḵalvat. His family resolved, however, to call him Biyuk through his adolescent years (Namini, p. 62). He adopted Moʿayyeri as his surname, reflecting his lineage to his paternal grandfather Moʿayyer…

While still in high school, Kasra’i made friends with such political figures as Moḥsen Pezeškpur and Dāriuš Foruhar, and was influenced by their nationalistic sentiments. As a college student, however, he became enthralled by the ideals of a just and classless society based on Marxist doctrines, and became a loyal member of the Tudeh Party. KASRA’I, SIAVASH (Siāvaš Kasrāʾi, b. Isfahan, 1926; d. Vienna, 8 February 1996; Figure 1), noted Marxist poet and political activist of the 20th century who, in different stages of his literary career, assumed several pseudonyms: Kowli, Rašid Ḵalq…

(1887-1957), Marxist poet, political activist, and an important contributor to the modern of poetry of Tajikistan. LAHUTI, ABU’L-QASEM (Abu’l-Qāsem Lāhuti, b. Kermānšāh, 12 October 1887; d. Moscow, 16 March 1957), Marxist poet, political activist, and an important contributor to the modern of poetry in Tajikistan. His father was a cobbler who also wrote poetry under the pen name of Elhāmi (lit., ‘inspired’). He composed religious poems in the style of Ferdowsi’s Šāh-nāma, and he was therefore also known as Ferdowsi-e Ḥosayni. In his autobiographical account, Lahuti…

(1909-1999), prominent poet. RAʿDI AZARAKHSHI, GHOLAM-ʿALI (Ḡolām-ʿAli Raʿdi Āḏaraḵaši, b. Tabriz, 20 September 1909; d. Tehran, 6 August 1999), prominent poet of the 20th century. Raʿdi Azarakhshi was born in Tabriz where his father, Moḥammad ʿAli Efteḵār Laškar, was an accountant (mostowfi). His paternal roots can be traced back to the mostowfis of Āštiān. His maternal ancestors were among the landowners of Tafreš who migrated to Tabriz with the crown prince, ʿAbbas Mirzā (Raʿdi Azarakhshi, 1991, p. 237). Raʿdi nevert…

poet, translator, and literary scholar. HONARMANDI, HASAN (Ḥasan Honarmandi, b. Ṭāleqān, 2 Farvardin 1307 Š./22 March 1928; d. Paris, 26 Šahrivar 1381 Š./17 September 2002), poet, translator, and literary scholar. Hasan Honarmandi moved to Sāri with his family after the death of his father Šams-ʿAli Honarmandi in 1932. He attended the Teacher Training School in the same city. Upon graduation in 1946, he received a teaching position at the Ministry of Education in Tehran and continued his secondary education at Rāzi High Sch…

(1906-1988), prolific poet and the most noted representative of the short-lived Persian romanticism, who also composed poems in Azeri Turkish. Shahryar’s poetry has influenced many contemporary poets. SHAHRYAR, MOHAMMAD HOSAYN (Moḥammad Ḥosayn Behjat Tabrizi; b. Tabriz, Šahrivar 1285 Š./August 1906; d. Tehran, 27 Šahrivar 1367 Š./18 September 1988), outstanding, prolific contemporary poet (Figure 1, Figure 2). LIFE Shahryar was the son of Sayyed Esmāʾil, known as Mir Āqā (d. 1934), a calligrapher and erudite man (Zāhedi, p. 37). His childhood years co…