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The verb ʾaʿraba, from which the term ʾiʿrāb is derived, means ‘to use good Arabic style, to express one's mind clearly, to make known’ and, in a technical sense, ‘to pronounce the final short vowels of a word’, hence the usual translation of ʾiʿrāb as ‘declension’. The ʾiʿrāb is the main distinctive feature of the ʿarabiyya, the language used by the Arabs of the desert, and in particular the form of expression of the oldest poetry, transmitted by the ruwāt ‘reciters’ of certain trustworthy Bedouin tribes. It is usually regarded as a synonym of bayān ‘clear expression’ (e.g. Zajjājī, ʾĪḍāḥ 91…

The term jazāʾ ‘requital’ is the most common term used by early medieval Arab grammarians in connection with conditionality. It can be interpreted as involvement of a condition. The conditional particles ( ḥurūf al-jazāʾ) are those that trigger a conditional relation ( mā yujāzā bihi). In addition to terminological differences in describing conditional structures, Arab grammarians throughout the ages held different opinions concerning the scope of these particles, and hence the structures that they described under this heading also differed. 1. Conditional structures in Cla…