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(a.) «tribunal». Le présent article est consacré à l’administration de la justice et à l’organisation des tribunaux dans les pays musulmans, la fonction de juge ayant été traitée sous Ḳāḍī. I. — Généralités II. — Empire ottoman 1. — Jusqu’aux réformes 2. — Période des réformes III. — Iran IV. — Pays arabes et Israël à l’époque moderne 1. — Égypte 2. — Syrie 3. — Liban 4. — Irak 5. — Palestine et Israël 6. — Jordanie 7. — Arabie Saʿūdite 8. — Yémen et République populaire du Sud Yémen 9. — États du Golfe 10. — Maroc 11. — Algérie 12. — Tunisie 13. — Réformes du droit appliquées par les tribunaux du s̲h̲arʿ V. …

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(a.), mariage (proprement: relation sexuelle, mais déjà dans le ḳurʾān employé exclusivement dans le sens de contrat de mariage). Dans le présent article, le mariage sera étudié du point de vue juridique. Sur les cérémonies qui l’accompagnent, voir ʿUrs. I. dans l’islam classique II. dans le monde islamique moderne 1. Les pays arabe, persans et turcs du Proche Orient 2. Dans l’Inde musulmane jusqu’en 1930 [voir ʿUrs] 3. Dans l’Inde musulmane après 1930 4. En Indonésie 5. En Afrique orientale 6. Au Nigéria I. Dans l’islam classique. 1. Les traits essentiels du droit matrimonial islamique remontent au droit coutumier arabe déjà existant. Il y avait en Arabie, avec des différences selon les régions et les conditions de vie, un système matrimon…

(a.) «héritage» (pl. mawārīt̲h̲; wārit…

(a.), répudiation d’une femme par son mari, forme du divorce. Le verbe ṭalaḳa d’où vient le mot ṭalāḳ signifie: être délivré d’une entrave (en parlant d’un chameau), être renvoyée par son mari (en parlant d’une femme mariée; dans ce sens on emploie aussi le mot ṭaluḳa); de là, ṭallaḳa: ¶ délivrer de l’entrave (le chameau), congédier (la femme mariée); ṭāliḳ désigne un chameau délivré de l’entrave, une femme congédiée par son mari (voir Lane, Arab.-Engl. Lexicon, s.v.). I. En droit islamique classique. 1. Chez les Arabes de l’époque préislamique, c’est à l’homme exclusivement …

(a.), court. The subject-matter of this article is the administration of justice, and the organisation of its administration, in the Muslim countries, the office of the judge being dealt with in the art. ḳāḍī . The following topics are covered: 1. General The judicial functions of the Prophet, which had been expressly attributed to him in the Ḳurʾān (IV, 65, 105; V, 42, 48-9; XXIV, 48, 51), were taken over after his death by the first caliphs, who administered the law in person in Medina. Already under ʿUmar, the expansion of the Islamic empire necessitated the appointment of judges, originally for the expeditionary forces, then, in the natural course of events, also for the conquered territories; this institution of army judges ( ḳāḍī’l-d̲j̲und ) remained in be…

(a.). Inheritance (pl. mawārīt̲h̲ ) ; wārit̲h̲ the heir, mūrit̲h̲ the person leaving the estate. This branch of Islamic law is also called ʿilm al-farāʾiḍ “the science of the ordained quotas” (cf. sūra IV, II) after its most important and most difficult part. 1. In pre-modern times i. In keeping with the patriarchal system prevailing among the Arabs, the estate of a deceased tribesman went ab intestato to the nearest male relative(s); the order of succession in which these relatives, the socalled ʿaṣaba (corresponding to agnati ), were called upon to inherit…

(a.), a notion in Islamic law. 1. In classical Islamic law. The basic meaning of lafaḳa and form II laffaḳa is “to sew (a garment) together (by joining two lengths of cloth)”, whence “to patch together”, and by an extension of meaning, “to piece together (a verse or story), to concoct”, which is close to the legal meaning. In legal jargon, talfīḳ connotes the bringing together of certain elements of two or more doctrines in such a manner as to create therefrom yet another, different doctrine. It is to be noted that no technical dicti…

(a.), marriage (properly, sexual intercourse, but already in the Ḳurʾān used exclusi…

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(a.), in Islamic law, the act of founding a charitable trust, and, hence the trust itself. A synonym, used mainly by Mālikī jurists, is ḥabs , ḥubus or ḥubs (in French often rendered as habous ). The essential elements are that a person, with the intention of committing a pious deed, declares part of his or her property to be henceforth unalienable ( ḥabs, taḥbīs ) and designates persons or public utilities as beneficiaries of its yields ( al-taṣadduḳ bi ’l-manfaʿa , tasbīl al-manfaʿa ). The Imāmī S̲h̲īʿa distinguish between waḳf and ḥabs, the latter being a precarious type of waḳf in which th…

(a.), a technical term of Islamic law-making. 1. Definition and historical context. Tas̲h̲rīʿ , in the modern context, signifies statutory legislation incorporating elements from the s̲h̲arīʿa . In theory, legislative authority is alien to Islam. In the Middle Ages, temporal legislation by caliphs and rulers based on siyāsa s̲h̲ārʿiyya [ q.v.] was a common practice. This took place, however, within the framework of a theocracy, the underlying concept of which was the sovereignty of the s̲h̲arīʿa assumed to reflect the revealed will of Allāh on earth through His authori…

[English edition] الوقف في الشّريعة الإسلاميّة، هو العمل المتمثّل في تأسيس صندوق خيريّ، ويطلق الاسم بالتّبعيّة على المؤسّسة في حدّ ذاتها. ويستعمل فقهاء المالكيّة بشكل رئيسيَ مرادفا للوقف، هو حَبْس، وحُبُس أو حُبْس (وينقل باللغة الفرنسيّة في كثير من الأحيان ليصبح habous). وتتمثّل العناصر الأساسيّة في مفهوم الوقف في أنّ الشخص، ورغبة منه في فعل الخير، يُعلن أنّ جزءًا من ممتلكاته لا يُمكن التصرّف فيه فيُحَبَّس من ذلك الوقت فصاعدا ويعيّن الأشخاصَ على أنهم هم المنتفعون من عائداتها، أو يعيّن المرافقَ العامّة على أنّها هي المنتفعة منها (التصدّ…

[English edition] (أ). الميراث (جمعه مواريث)؛ ومنه الوارث، والمورِث. ويسمّى كذلك هذا الفرع من التّشريع الإسلاميّ «علم الفرائض» (انظر: سورة النّساء، وسورة البقرة) بحكم كونه أهمّ الأقسام فيه وأكثرها صعوبة. 1. في العصور ما قبل الحديثة i. تماشياً مع النّظام الأبويّ السّائد بين العرب، كانت تركة الرّجل الّذي يتوفّى من قبيلة ما ولم يترك وصيّة، تذهب إلى الذّكـر أو الذّكورة من أقرب أقربائه؛ وقد استمرّ التّرتيب المتّبع في توريث هؤلاء الأقارب (والّذين يسمّون العصبة (هي ما يناسب كلمة [ agnati])، في التّشريع الإسلاميّ وصار فيه أكثر تنظيما. ويقصَى القصَّر - بحكم كونهم غير قادرين على حمل…