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[German Version] Knowledge of Byblos's remote past (Heb. גְבַל/ Gebal; Phoen. Gbl; Akkad. Gubla; Egyp. Kb/pn; Gk Βύβλος / Býblos; Lat. Biblo, Alcobile, Biblium; Arab. Gubail; Crusaders Giblet), situated 30 km north of Beirut, has primarily been deduced from the excavations of Pierre Montet (1920–1924) and Maurice Dunand (1925–1959). The neolithic village, a fishing village from c. 4500 bce onwards, became a flourishing center of international trade in the 3rd millennium bce owing to its active relations with Egypt, …

[German Version] (Sharon). Aphek, in the plain of Sharon (Heb. אֲפֵק, Akkad. uruAp-qu, Aram. ʾpq, Gk ᾽Αφεκ [also Aphekos, Pēgai, Antipatris], Arab. Rās al-ʿAyn, crusader Mirabel), is situated 12 km east of Tel Aviv, near the source of the river Jarkon, to which Aphek owes its name, “Source”. It is located on one of the main highways of Canaan and appears already in Egyptian execration texts (19th cent. bce) and in topographical lists. In the MBA and LBA periods it was a city-state but in the 13th century pr…

[German Version] called Casal Imbert by the Crusaders, is situated on the Mediterranean coast 14 km north of Akko. As a strategically located city on the Way of the Sea, it controlled access to the so-called Ladder of Tyre. Achzib was settled from the Middle Bronze period (c. 2000 bce) to the time of the Crusades. The characteristic “Sea People” pottery and weapons from around 1150 bce are probably associated with the destruction of the fortifications at the end of the Late Bronze period. Achzib, which th…

[German Version] I. Name Φοινίκη/Phoiníkē was the name originally given by the Greeks – and afterwards adopted from them by the Romans – to the coastal region of the Mediterranean, where it faces the west between the 32° and 36° latitudes. It is first mentioned by Homer, and is subsequently well attested by Greek writers who constantly refer to it as the eastern Mediterranean coast, but sometimes apply it also to the territory Carthage (Tunisia), like Euripides ( Troades, 221). This was the usual meaning of the Latin derivative Peoni, “Carthaginians,” based on the historically sound…