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Refutation of the Christians Abū Muḥammad al-Qāsim ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Ismāʿīl ibn Ibrāhīm ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib al-Rassī Date: Unknown, before 826 Original Language: Arabic Description The Refutation upholds strict qur’ānic monotheism against Christian trinitarian doctrine on rational grounds. The attribution of a coequal Son and a coequal Holy Spirit to God is inconsistent with his unique divinity and eternal lordship. It is comparable to the philosophical doctrine ascribing to the seven planets shared…

Al-Qāsim ibn Ibrāhīm Date of Birth: Unknown, c. 785 Place of Birth: Medina Date of Death: 860 Place of Death: Jabal al-Rass (near Medina) Biography Al-Qāsim was educated in Zaydī Shīʿī Islam by his ʿAlid family and in Medinan ḥadīth by a nephew of Mālik ibn Anas, the founder of the legal school of Medina. His elder brother Muḥammad headed a revolt in Kūfa, claiming the Zaydī imamate, and was killed in 814. Al-Qāsim was in Egypt at that time, where he studied the Jewish and Christian scriptures and Christian theological …

Rukn al-dīn Maḥmūd ibn Muḥammad al-Malāḥimī al-Khuwārazmī Date of Birth: Before 1090 Place of Birth: Khwārazm, Khorezm Date of Death: 19 October 1141 Place of Death: Khwārazm Biography Ibn al-Malāḥimī was the most prominent Muʿtazilī theologian in Khwārazm in the early 12th century. Muʿtazilī theology still prevailed among the Ḥanafī community in Khwārazm during this period, while it was suppressed as heretical in most of the Islamic world. Little is known about his life. He initially belonged to the Muʿtazilī school of the famous Qāḍī…

The reliable book on the principles of religion Ibn al-Malāḥimī Date: Before 1137 Original Language: Arabic Description Ibn al-Malāḥimī introduces his critical discussion of Christianity by quoting from the work he refers to as Kitāb al-diyānāt of ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad al-Nāshīʾ al-Akbar (d. 906) (q.v.), who describes various religions, including Christianity, as essentially based on ancient Greek philosophy, in contrast to the pure monotheism of the prophets. Ibn al-Malāḥimī concurs with this judgment, adding that the doctrine…