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b. Muḥammad Hādī b. Ismāʿīl Kamāl, Persian scholar and man of letters, “l’un des hommes les plus spirituels et les plus aimables que j’aie rencontrés dans aucune partie du monde” (Gobineau). A descendant of the poet Kamāl Ḵh̲ud̲j̲andī [q. v.], the grandfather of Riḍā Ḳulī, chief of the notables of Čardeh Kelateh (district of Dāmg̲h̲ān), was put to death by the partisans of Karīm Ḵh̲ān Zand against whom he supported the Ḳād̲j̲ārs (cf. Relation de l’ambassade au Kharezm, transl. Schefer, p. 203). His father became one of the dignitaries of the court of the Ḳād̲j̲ārs; in 12…

(or Āb-i Ruknī: the water of Rukn al-Dawla), a canal ( ḳanāt) which runs from a mountain (called Ḳulaiʿa: P. Schwarz, Iran im Mittelalter, ii. 48, N°. 7) about six miles from S̲h̲īrāz. Enlarged by a secondary canal, it follows for a part of the way the road from Iṣfahān to S̲h̲īrāz. Its waters reach as far as the vicinity of the town towards the cemetery in which Ḥāfiẓ is buried, when they are not entirely absorbed for irrigation purposes. According to Ḥasan Fasāʾī ( Fārs-nāme-i Nāṣirī, part ii., p. 20), “all the waters of the plain of S̲h̲īrāz come by subterranean channels excep…

Several Indian poets have used this tak̲h̲alluṣ. The Riyāḍ al-wifāḳ of Ḏh̲u ’l-Fiḳār ʿAlī, biographies of Indian poets who wrote in Persian, and the Tad̲h̲kira of Yūsuf ʿAlī Ḵh̲ān (analysed by Sprenger, A Catalogue of the Arabic, Persian and Hindustan Mss… of the King of Oudh, i. 168 and 280) mention five of them. The first, a native of Kas̲h̲mīr, lived in Dihlī in the reign of Muḥammad S̲h̲āh (1719-1748); his g̲h̲azels were sung by the dancing-girls. — The most celebrated, however, was Saʿādat Yār Ḵh̲ān of Dihlī. His father, Ṭahmāsp Beg Ḵ…

Aḥmad b. ʿUmar b. ʿAlī took the tak̲h̲alluṣ of Niẓāmī and the honorific Nad̲j̲m al-Dīn (or Niẓām al-Dīn); he was usually called ʿArūḍī (the “prosodist”) to distinguish him from other Niẓāmīs (particularly the great Niẓāmī; cf. the anecdote quoted by E. G. Browne, Lit. Hist. of Pers., ii. 339) According to Browne, Niẓāmī is one of the most interesting and remarkable Persian writers of prose: “one of those who throw most light on the intimate life of Persian and Central Asian Courts in the xiith century of our era”. He was a court poet who served faithfully the G̲h̲ōrid [q. v.] p…

, daughter of al-Ḥusain b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib and of Rabab bint Imrʾ al-Ḳais b. ʿAdī b. ʿAws the poetess, who gave her daughter the name of Sukaina (sometimes called: Sakina, but the Ḳāmūs has: Sukaina). Her real name was Umaima (according to Ibn al-Kalbī quoted by Ibn Saʿd and the Ag̲h̲ānī) or Umaina but more probably Āmina or Amīna (according to the Ag̲h̲ānī). The date of her birth is not known; but she was a little girl at the time of her father’s death (definitely stated by Ṭabarī, ii. 232, 10, and by Ibn al-At̲h̲īr in telling of the death of Ḥusain, Kāmil, iv. 73; the same writer says that Yaz…

, Mīrzā Muḥammad Mahdī Astarābādī b. Muḥammad, historian of Nādir S̲h̲āh of Persia, whose deeds he recorded in the Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Ḏj̲ahān Gus̲h̲āy-i Nādirī; this work written in Persian is an excellent complement to those by James Fraser and Jonas Hanway on the conqueror. In it Mahdī Ḵh̲ān details the life of Nādir from his birth to his death while other Persian writers only deal with periods of it (e. g. Muḥsin b. Ḥanīf records only the expedition to India in his Ḏj̲awhar-i Ṣamṣam; ʿAbd al-Karīm Kas̲h̲mīrī in his Bayān-i Wāḳiʿ confines himself to the period from this expedition to 178…