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b. al-ʿAbbās , Abū Muḥammad, born 223/837, died 311/923, in early life, according to the satirist Ibn Bassām, a waterseller and vendor of pomegranates, was one of the ablest financiers of the ʿAbbāsid caliphs from al-Muwaffaḳ to al-Muḳtadir. He combined the collection of the k̲h̲arād̲j̲ and domains ( ḍiyāʾ ) of Wāṣit (from 273/886) with that of Fars (from 287/900) and Başra. He succeeded Ibn al-Furāt [ q.v.] as vizier on 3 D̲j̲umādā II 306/11 November 918, but showed himself inadequate, so that the caliph al-Muḳtadir appointed as nāʾib , to assist him, ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā b. al-D̲j̲arrāḥ [ q.v.]. Hi…

, literally “he is he”, or “It is it”, means: A. in logic: what is represented as entirely identical, e.g., “Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh” and “the Prophet”. (Peano and the modern logicians express this equation by the sign ≡); B. in mysticism: the state of the saint whose perfect personal unity testifies to divine unity in the world. Bibliography G̲h̲azālī, Maḳāṣid al-falāsifa, Cairo, 116 Ḥallād̲j̲, Kitāb al-Ṭawāsīn, 129, 175, 189 Ibn Rus̲h̲d, Mā baʿd al-Ṭabīʿa, Cairo, 12. See also huwiyya. (L. Massignon)

, two isolated letters at the head of sūra XX in the Ḳurʾān. It has been proposed to explain them as an abbreviation, either of an imperative (from the root w-ṭ-ʾ ; al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī) or from a proper name (Ṭalḥa; Abū Hurayra), meaning the Companion of the Prophet, who supplied this sūra to the first compilers of the Ḳurʾān. The important thing to note is that Muslim tradition since the 3rd/9th century has made Ṭā-Hā one of the names of the Prophet, and as a result, to this day we find boys in Egypt and ʿIrāḳ given the name Muḥammad Ṭā-Hā. From the 4th/…

, Moroccan s̲h̲arīf and mystic, a disciple of ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Dabbāg̲h̲, the founder of the Ḵh̲aḍiriyya order, himself founded a religious congregation, the Idrīsiyya, in ʿAsīr, where in 1823, he initiated the founder of the Sanūsiyya [ q.v.]. He died in Ṣabyā (ʿAsīr) in 1253/ 1837, after founding a kind of semi-religious and semi-military state, the two last heads of which were his great-grandson Sayyid Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. Muḥ. b. Aḥmad (1892-1923), and the latter’s son ʿAlī (from 1923), who was forced to submit to Saʿūdī Arabia …

, a technical term in Arabic music, corresponding to the learned term ṭāʾ also used in Arabic dialectic metres for the zadjal . It means the note struck, sharp and heavy: a. on the edge of the tambourine, sometimes on the little cymbal that is fixed there; b. on the back of the closed left hand when the hands are beaten; c. with the left foot on the ground when dancing. It is one of the two terms of the fundamental metrical dualism of the popular songs in Arabic dialects (called muwas̲h̲s̲h̲aḥāt [see muwas̲h̲s̲h̲aḥ ], where between the pauses there only follow a pai…

(ḳarmaṭī, plur. ḳarāmiṭa: Carmathians). In the strict application of the word, the name was given to the rebel federations of Arabs and “Nabataeans”, which were organised in Lower Mesopotamia after the servile war of the Zand̲j̲ [q.v.] from 264 (877) and based on a system of communism into which initiation was necessary; active propaganda extended this secret society among the masses, peasants and artisans; — in al-Aḥsā, where they founded a state independent of the Caliph of Bag̲h̲dād; — in Ḵh̲urāsān, in Syria and in Yemen, where they formed lasting hotbeds of discontent. In the broade…

, Abū Bakr Dulaf b. Ḏj̲aḥdar, a Sunnī mystic. Born in Bag̲h̲dād (of a family which came from Transoxiana) in 247 (861) ¶ he died there in 334 (945). At first an official (and walī or deputy-governor of Demāwend) at the age of 40 he became a convert to asceticism under the influence of Ḵh̲air Nassād̲j̲, a friend of Ḏj̲unaid; he brought into mystic circles in Bag̲h̲dād the enthusiasm, at times cynical, of a dilettante, bolder in words than deeds. The tragic end of the trial of his friend al-Ḥallād̲j̲ [q. v.] frightened him; he den…

, d. in Bag̲h̲dād in 386/998, muḥaddit̲h̲ and mystic, head of the dogmatic mad̲h̲hab of the Sālimiyya [ q.v.] in Baṣra. His chief work is the Ḳūt al-Ḳulūb , Cairo 1310, whole pages of which were copied by al-G̲h̲azālī in his Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn . (L. Massignon) Bibliography Brockelmann, I, 200, S I, 359-66 Sayyid Murtaḍā, Itḥāf, Cairo, ii, 67, 69 and passim S̲h̲aʿrawī, Laṭāʾif, Cairo, ii, 28 Ibn ʿAbbād al-Rundī, al-Rasāʾil al-Kubrā, lith. Fez 1320, 149, 200-1 L. Massignon, Essai sur les origines du lexique technique de la mystique musulmane, 2nd ed., index and reff. cited.

, al-Ḥasan b. Muḥammad al-Wazzān al-Zaiyātī, calied Yuḥannā al-Asad al-G̲h̲arnāṭī, in Latin Johannes Leo Africanus, born at Granada in 901 (1465) was brought up in Fās. Entrusted with three diplomatic missions to the South of Morocco by the Banū Waṭṭās, he went to Mecca in 921 (1516) and then to Stambul. Captured on his way home by Sicilian corsairs he was taken to Naples in 926 (1520), then to Rome where the Pope baptised him “Johannes Leo”. At Rome he compiled the following works, only the first of which has come down to us in the original Arabic text: I. Arabic-Hebrew-Latin Vocabulary compos…

, the method of recitation, punctuation and vocalisation of the text of the Ḳurʾān. al-Suyūṭī has classified according to Ibn al-Ḏj̲azarī the various readings of the Ḳurʾān into three series: 1. The Ḳirāʾa accepted authentically, which possess the id̲j̲māʿ al-ṣaḥāba and the tawātur, that is the seven canonical readings of the ʿOt̲h̲mānic text, attributed to Abū ʿAmr b. al-ʿAlā, Ḥamza, ʿĀṣim, Ibn ʿĀmir, Ibn Kat̲h̲īr, Nāfiʿ and al-Kisāʾī, which Ibn Mud̲j̲āhid published (d. 324/936), cf. ḳorʾān, § 18. To these are sometimes added Yaʿḳūb, Ḵh̲alaf, Abū ʿUbaid, in order to a…

, Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAli b. ʿAbdallāh, a mystic poet of Andalusia, a disciple of Ibn Sabʿīn [q. v.], author of muwas̲h̲s̲h̲aḥāt in vulgar Arabic. ¶ Born at Yodar near Guadix (Wādī Ās̲h̲) about 600 (1203), he died at Ṭīna near Damieitaon 17th Ṣafar 668 (October 16, 1269). S̲h̲us̲h̲tarī first studied under Ibn Surāḳa of Jativa who expounded to him the ʿAwārif al-Maʿārif of Suhrawardf al-Bag̲h̲dādī; he seems at this period to have joined the Madanīya order. He then lived at Rabāṭ and at Meknes (which he mentions in his poem: “A s̲h̲aik̲h̲ of the land of Meknes — …

, Abū Ṭālib Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Hārit̲h̲ī, d. in Bag̲h̲dād in 386 (996), an Arab muḥaddit̲h̲ and mystic, head of the theological mad̲h̲hab of the Sālimīya [q. v.] of Baṣra. His principal work is the Ḳūt al-Ḳulūb (Cairo 1310, 2 vols.) whole pages of which have been copied by al-G̲h̲azzālī into his Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn. (L. Massignon) Bibliography Brockelmann, G.A.L., i. 200 Saiyid Murtaḍā, Itḥāf, ed. Cairo, ii. 67, 69 sq. S̲h̲aʿrāwī, Laṭāʿif ed. Cairo, ii. 28 Ibn ʿAbbād Rundī, Rasāʾil kubrā, lith. Fās 1320, p. 149, 200—201.

, a village on the Lower Euphrates, situated 15 miles E. S. E. of Warkā [q. v.] on the mound of Tell Sifr; it is built on the ruins of an ancient Chaldaean city, Larsam, the town of the god S̲h̲amas̲h̲; it is in the present ḳaḍā of Samāwa. (L. Massignon) Bibliography Razzūḳ ʿĪsā, Kitāb Ḏj̲og̲h̲rāfīyat al-ʿIrāḳ, Bag̲h̲dād 1340, p. 216 Loftus, Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana, London 1857, p. 244—245 Trelawney Saunders, Surveys of Ancient Babylon, London 1885, plate vi.

, a technical term in Arabic music, corresponding to the learned term ṭaʾ; also used in Arabic dialectic metres for the zad̲j̲al. It means the note struck, sharp and heavy: a. on the edge of the tambourine, sometimes on the little cymbal that is fixed there, b. on the back of the closed left hand when the hands are beaten, c. with the left foot on the ground when dancing. It is one of the two terms of the fundamental metrical dualism of the popular songs in Arabic dialects (called muwas̲h̲s̲h̲aḥāt), where between the pauses there only follow a pair of antithetic values (like the iamb…

, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Dāʾūd b. ʿAlī. Born in 255 (868), this fakīḥ succeeded his father at the age of 16 as head of the Ẓāhirī school (cf. dāʾūd b. khalaf); he died in Bag̲h̲dād in 297 (909). His juridical polemics against Ibn Suraid̲j̲, al-Nāshī al-Akbar, al-Ḥallād̲j̲ and al-Ṭabarī are recorded, but what has made his memory endure is a work of his youth, the Kitāb al-Zuhra (ms. Cairo, Fihr., iv. 260), containing in 50 chapters 5000 verses selected from the poets on “the aspects of love, its laws and variations” accompanied by personal notes in very elegant prose…

, Saiyid Nūr Allāh b. S̲h̲arīf Marʿas̲h̲ī, an original S̲h̲īʿa writer who defended imāmism against Sunnī polemicists and at the same time mysticism against the anti-mysticism of the majority of the Imāmī doctors. Ḳāḍī of Lahore, he was condemned as a heretic by orders of Ḏj̲ahāngīr and whipped to death in 1019(1610). He is the third martyr ( s̲h̲ahīd t̲h̲ālit̲h̲) of the Imāmīs. He left two important works, in Persian the Mad̲j̲ālis al-Muʾminīn (finished at Lahore in 1073= 1604), a very fully documented biographical collection on the principal martyrs of Imāmī and my…

al-Saḳaṭī, Abu ’l-Ḥasan Ṣarī b. Mug̲h̲allis, a Sunnī mystic, died at Bag̲h̲dād on Ramaḍān 28, 257 (870) or 253 (867) aged 78 (or 98). He was the uncle of Ḏj̲unaid [q.v.], teacher of Nūrī, Ḵh̲arrāz and Ḵh̲air Nassād̲j̲, and figures at a later period in the classic isnād of the k̲h̲irḳa of the Ṣūfīs between Maʿrūf Kark̲h̲ī [q.v.] and Ḏj̲unaid. The latter was actually his pupil and had himself buried in Sarī’s tomb which still exists at S̲h̲ūnīz (cf. L. Massignon, Mission en Mésopotamie, Cairo 1912, ii. 105). But Maʿrūf can hardly have been the direct teacher of Sarī. Sarī is said to be equivalent to ʿ…

, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim ʿAbd al-Karim b. Hawāzin b. ʿAbd al-Malik b. Ṭalḥa b. Muḥammad, born in 376 (986), died in 465 (1074), was in dogmatic theology the pupil of the As̲h̲ʿarī Abū Bakr b. Fūrak and in mysticism a follower of al-Sulamī and ʿAbū ʿAlī al-Daḳḳāḳ, whose daughter Fāṭima (d. 480 = 1087) he married. He was persecuted by the other As̲h̲ʿarīs, by Ḥanbalī jurists and the Sald̲j̲ūḳ officials from 440 (1048) to 455 (1063). His best known works are the two manifestoes, the Risāla ilā Ḏj̲amāʿat al-ṣūfīya bi-Buldān al-Islām, written in 438 (1046) to adapt Ṣūfism to As̲h̲ʿarī metaphysics and the S̲h̲a…

, Aḥmad al-Kaiyāl al-Ḵh̲aṣībī, a philosopher of the third century a. h., with Ismaʿīlī and gnostic tendencies; al-S̲h̲ahrastānī knew of works by him in Arabic and Persian; the fragments which he gives are to be compared with Rasāʾil Ik̲h̲wān al-Ṣafā — cf. S̲h̲ahrastānī, Milal, Cairo 1317, ii. 17—18. (L. Massignon)

, abū muḥammad sahl b. ʿabdallāh b. yūnus, a Sunnī theologian and mystic, whose language was Arabic, born at Tustar (al-Ahwāz) in 203 (818) and died in exile at Baṣra in 283 (896). A pupil, through his master Ibn Sawwār, of strict Sunnīs like T̲h̲awrī and Abū ʿAmr b. al-ʿAlāʾ, Sahl was above all an ascetic of a very strict moral discipline. He was also a theologian with a vast store of intellectual knowledge. Of his life, apparently quiet and solitary, only one detail is known: his exile to Baṣra at the time of the revolt of the Zind̲j̲ (about 261=874) when the ʿulamā…