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Alexandre Coello de la Rosa João Vicente Melo Last modified: September 20231. IntroductionBy the mid-sixteenth century, the Iberian Crowns had established overseas empires of colossal dimensions.1 European trade in Asia crea…

Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar Date of Birth: 14 October 1542 Place of Birth: Umarkot (present-day Pakistan) Date of Death: 17 October 1605 Place of Death: Agra, India BiographyJalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar, the son of Emperor Humāyūn and Hamida Banu Begum, was born on 14 October 1542 at Umarkot. He was proclaimed emperor at the age of 13, on 14 February 1556, after his father’s accidental death. Between 1556 and 1562, the empire was ruled by Bairam Khan, who had been appointed by Humāyūn as Akbar’s tutor ( ataliq) in 1555, two months before the emperor’s death (see Khan, ‘Mughal cou…

Letter to Philip II Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar Date: 1582 Original Language: Persian DescriptionIn 1582, Akbar decided to send two envoys, Sayyid Muzaffar and Abdullah Khan, accompanied by the Jesuit missionary Antonio Monserrate, to Goa and Lisbon. The goal of the embassy was to maintain the interest of the Jesuit hierarchy in the continuation of the mission at the Mughal court, as well as to congratulate Philip II on his accession to the Portuguese throne and deliver a letter from the Mughal emperor to t…

Farmans Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar Date: 1572-1604 Original Language: Persian DescriptionFollowing the capture of Ahmadabad, the capital of the Sultanate of Gujarat, and the abdication of Sultan Muzaffar Shāh III, Akbar was declared Lord of Gujarat and his name proclaimed in the khuṭba during Friday prayers. The growing proximity of the Mughal territories to the possessions of the Estado da Índia in Gujarat (Bassein, Diu and Daman) led Akbar to send a farman (decree) to the captain of the Portuguese fort of Diu, Aires Teles. There is no known Persian version of this farman. According …