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Mysteries
(1,614 words)
The Concept 1. Mysteries are ‘mysterious’—it sounds banal, and suggestive of a detective story: a “mystery thriller.” Nevertheless, the expression indicates an important characteristic. The topic is cults, which comprise the secret actions (rites), narratives (myths), or teachings accessible to or comprehensible by the initiated alone. There are ‘private parties,’ which seek to guarantee the participants special experiences. They are not exhausted by the fact of → secrecy, to be sure, though the ‘secret,’ the
mysterion, aroused much curiosity. Mysteries are often condu…
Source:
The Brill Dictionary of Religion
Icon
(627 words)
Icons (Greek,
eíkon, ‘image’) are the sacred images of the Eastern Churches. Since the Byzantine image controversy (which began around 726 under Emperor Leo III and lasted, through various reversals, until 843 under Empress Theodora), the icon has stood at the center of Eastern Christian theological and artistic effort. The laborious defeat of currents of opposition to and even destruction of images (‘iconoclasm’) had the consequence that the creation of icons in the Eastern church was subjected t…
Source:
The Brill Dictionary of Religion
Reception
(5,436 words)
1. The term ‘reception’ derives from the Latin
recipere, ‘to receive,’ ‘to take up.’ It is applied with various meanings in scholarship. In the cultural sciences, it found wide application after its adoption from the Constance theory of option in literary reception. In the area of anthropology and religious studies, it denotes any orientation of a cultural or religious current to a tradition. The bearers of the latter are varied. Correspondingly, religious receptions are identified as forms of religion …
Source:
The Brill Dictionary of Religion
Introduction: The Academic Study of Religion—Historical and Contemporary Issues*
(13,230 words)
*
Introductory remark: The following survey is an attempt to present scientific trends and different schools and styles of research that have either been characteristic of the academic study of religion over the past century or that have recently entered upon the scene but have nevertheless already had an effect on religious research. This is, therefore, a study of the typical and the paradigmatic (which is not to imply that another approach would have been qualitatively inferior, this is simp…
Source:
The Brill Dictionary of Religion
Heathen
(316 words)
Heathen are always the ‘others’: Muslims, freethinkers and atheists, cannibals—even Catholics or Protestants, as you prefer. ‘Heathen’ is a collective, ‘exclusive’ (excluding) concept: in the Hebrew Bible, the ‘others’ are the
goyim (Gen 10:5, Isa 14:26); in the Greek New Testament, they are
ta éthne (‘the tribes’), or, as the part for the whole,
hoi Héllenes (‘the Greeks’: John 7:35, Mark 7:26), the ‘(other) peoples,’ those who do not belong to one's own (religious) community. ‘Heathen,’ then, is one of those collective appellations that sets up a …
Source:
The Brill Dictionary of Religion
Antiquity: Festival Cycles
(1,798 words)
a)
Festival Cycle of the Greek Religion: Example of Athens b)
Festal Cycle of the Roman Religion
Carmentalia (January 11 and 15): Feast of Goddess of Birth, Carmentis. The Calends of February (February 1) were the foundation festival of Juno Seispes (Sospita), Mater Regina in Lanuvium (Alban Mountains), at which the consuls brought her a sacrifice. Further, at this festival, a serpentine oracle was performed. A virginal girl was made to offer food to a serpent, in the cultic cave, and, by whether or not the serpent accepted it, a fruitful or unfruitful year was foretold. Between February 1…
Source:
The Brill Dictionary of Religion
Materiality
(751 words)
Along with the statues, apparatus, and special attire of worship, material is an important, if often little noticed, component of worship and ritual. Material used in worship can be made of inorganic matter and products as well as organic ones, which find application within ritual activities. It is applied as
sacrificial material, when entrails are burned in honor of the gods, or flowers are placed on graves for ancestors; as
means of purification, when the body is cleansed before prayer with water or refined aromatic oils, sand, or even bare stones; as means of
painting or
marking, when, …
Source:
The Brill Dictionary of Religion
Machine
(1,594 words)
1. Machines (from the Doric Gk.
machaná, or Attic
mechané), are gears with movable parts serving for a power transfer. Normally, they stand in a fixed location, although, as in the modern traffic system, they can be ‘self-moving’ (Gk.,
auto-; Lat.,
mobile); cf. ‘locomotive’ (Lat.,
locus, ‘place’;
movére, ‘to move’). ‘Robots’ (from the Czech
robota, ‘compulsory labor,’ ‘drudgery’) and ‘automatic’ machines (from Gk.,
autómatos, ‘self-’) comprise the core of modern technology: without them, the global → industrialization of the economy and the mechanization of…
Source:
The Brill Dictionary of Religion
Neopaganismus
(1,417 words)
[English Version] . Als N. kann die jüngste Phase des Paganismus, der anti- und a-christl. rel. Rezeption antiker und nichteur. Religionen, bez. werden. Ihr Beginn ist zeitlich um die Mitte des 20.Jh. anzusetzen, wobei sie sich aus Vorläufern des 19.Jh. (Romantik, F. Nietzsche; Lebensreformbewegung) speist. Der N. zeichnet sich dadurch aus, daß seine Träger das Negativstereotyp »Heide« in ein positives Selbstbildnis wenden, als »Neue Heiden« ein rel. Rollenbild entwickeln und in bis dahin nicht gekanntem Maß öfftl. auftreten. Der N. des 20.Jh. besitzt zwar Wurzeln in den …
Reliquien/Reliquienverehrung
(4,677 words)
[English Version]
I. Religionswissenschaftlich R. bez. die Überreste (lat. reliquiae, »Zurückgebliebenes«) kraftgeladener Menschen (Krieger, Häuptlinge, Zauberer, Heroen, Propheten, Märtyrer, Heilige [Heilige/Heiligenverehrung]), ihrer Körper, Kleidungsstücke und Gebrauchsgegenstände. Ihre Verehrung gründet auf dem Glauben, daß diese Kräfte über das Grab hinaus dauerhaft wirksam sind, mit dem Ziel, dieser Macht oder des Segens teilhaftig zu werden durch Errichten von Gebäuden über dem Grab, Aufstel…
Renaissance
(7,676 words)
[English Version]
I. Zum Begriff Der franz., auch ins Dt. und Engl. übernommene Begriff R. gehört zur großen Gruppe der organischen Metaphern für gesch. Vorgänge. Seit dem 19.Jh. lange Zeit allein auf tierisch-menschliches Leben bezogen und als »Wiedergeburt« verstanden, wird er in der neueren Forschung (seit Jost Trier) angemessener dem pflanzlichen Bereich zugeordnet und als »Wiederwuchs«, d.h. als Wiederausschlagen von Trieben aus abgehauenen Bäumen und Sträuchern, erklärt. Bereits im vorchristl.…
Otto
(539 words)
[English Version] Otto,
Walter Friedrich (22.6.1872 Hechingen – 23.9.1958 Tübingen), Altphilologe und Religionswissenschaftler. O. war Ordinarius für Klassische Philol. in Basel (1913/14), Frankfurt/M. (1914–1934) sowie Königsberg (1934–1944) und lehrte als Gastprof. und Emeritus bis zu seinem Tod in Tübingen (1946–1958). O.s Werk und Wirken ist von (religions- und altertums-)wiss. wie religionsgesch. Bedeutung. Obwohl von Hause aus, als Schüler Franz Büchelers, Latinist (Aufsätze zur röm. Religions…
Paganismus
(2,137 words)
[English Version]
I. Religionswissenschaftlich P. (von lat. paganus, »Heide, Landbewohner, Zivilist«; Heidentum) ist der moderne wiss. Begriff für die bewußte Wiederaufnahme (»Rezeption«) oder Wiederbelebung (»Revitalisierung«; »Rekonstruktion«) antiker und rezenter ethnischer rel. Traditionen oder deren Teilelemente (Kulte; Mythen, Symboliken) außerhalb von Christentum und bibl. Judentum. Obwohl die rel. Besetzung der Außengruppe strukturell auch in anderen exklusiven rel. Gemeinschaften wie der j…