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, an island in the Aegean Sea; the Turkish name is Sīsām-adasi, “the Island of Sesame”, for which Ṣūsām-adasi was written at an earlier period (Binis̲h̲tī, Ins̲h̲āʾ [MS. N°. 260 of the Berlin Library], f. 193b; Kiātib Celebi, Tüḥfat al-Kibār; Sussam in Tavernier, Les six Voyages, i. 359)i while the Arab geographers give the Greek name in the forms Sāmū, Sām (al-Idrīsī, Géographie, ed. Jaubcrt, ii. 127, 303), Sāmis (Yāḳūt, Muʿd̲j̲am, i. 21) or S̲h̲āmis (Abu ’l-Fidāʾ, ed. Reinaud, p. 192, 193). In the middle ages Samos was repeatedly raided by the Arabs in their inc…

, a native of a village in the district of Ḳaraḥiṣār-i s̲h̲arḳī, entered the Janissaries, in 1146 attained the rank of ḳuikiaya (lieutenant-general), took part in the Persian campaigns and in the middle of Rabīʿ I 1151 (beginning of July 1738) during the war with Austria was promoted to be ag̲h̲a of Janissaries. After receiving the rank of pas̲h̲a of three tails for his bravery in this war, he was appointed Grand Vizier on the 4th S̲h̲aʿbān 1156 (23rd Sept. 1743) in spite of the fact that he could neither read nor write. The continuation of the war with Nādir S̲h̲āh, the …

Efendi, a minor official ( kiātib) at the sublime Porte, died at the end of the “fifties” of last century, wrote the biographies of Ottoman poets and versifiers from 1135 to his own time under the title Tezkere-i k̲h̲ātimat ul-as̲h̲ʿār as a continuation of the Tezkcre of Muṣṭafā Ṣafāʾī (ends at 1132 a. h.) and of Mīrzāzāde Sālim (ends at 1134 a. h.) at the request of several patrons of high rank. The work, which the author completed in 1269, was lithographed in 1271 (1854-1855) in Constantinople and deserves notice for its biographical data concerning contemporary writers. (J. H. Mordtmann) Bi…

, called ʿAmūeja-zāde (ʿUncle’s son’), a name given him by his cousin Fāḍil Aḥmad Pas̲h̲a, was the son of Ḥasan Ag̲h̲ā, the younger brother of the great Köprülü Muḥammad Pas̲h̲a; he grew up in the golden period of the Köprülü and reached the age of thirty without distinguishing himself further than for his attachment to be delights of a life of careless ease. After the defeat of Ḳara Muṣṭafā before Vienna in 1683 and the fall of this grand vizier, who was devoted to the Köprülü, he was sent in disgrace from the capital, first of all as governor of S̲h̲āhrizūr and a year later as muḥāfiẓ (military go…

, a harbour on the north coast of Asia Minor, the ancient Amisus, also called Aminsos by the Byzantines and later, after the conquest by the Sald̲j̲ūḳs, Sampson (Akropolites, Bonn ed., p. 14; also Schiltberger, ed. Langmantel, p. 14 [transl. Hakluyt Society, p. 12], who says it was founded by the Samson of the Bible), the Simisso of western seafarers and the Ṣāmsūn of the Arabs, was taken from the Byzantines by Ki̊li̊d̲j̲ Arslān II (1156—1192) (Niketas Choniates, Bonn edition, p. 689, 699); thre…

nicknamed Palabiyik (“scimitar-moustache”) one of the greatest High Admirals (Kapudan Pas̲h̲a) in Ottoman history, belonged to Rodosto (Tekfurdag̲h̲i) on the Sea of Marmora, where he is said to have been a slave of a merchant named Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Osman Ag̲h̲ā, after being manumitted took part as a janissary in the Austrian war of 1737—1739 and particularly distinguished himself at the battle of Krozka (Ḥiṣārd̲j̲ik) on the 23rd July 1739. At the end of the war he went to Algiers where he became a dey and finally was appointed Beg of Tlemcen. To escape the machina…

, the capital in a Ḳaẓā of the Sand̲j̲aḳ of Ḥamīdābād in the Wilāyet of Ḳōniya, situated on a tongue of land at the south end of the lake of Egerdir, with a few thousand inhabitants, all Muhammadans; on the adjacent island of Nisi (Νησί), Turkish Nisin, Nīs adasi with a monastery live about 1000 Turkish-speaking Greeks. The town presumably fell into the hands of the Sald̲j̲ūḳs at the same time as the district of Isparta, which Kilid̲j̲ Arslān III conquered (600-601 a. h.) (see Houtsma, Recueil etc., iii. 62); its citadel which is now destroyed is said to have been built by Kaiḳub…

Efendi (al-Saiyid Meḥemmed), son of S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Meḥemmed. Muftī of Erzerūm, came to Constantinople on the completion of his theological studies, where he married a daughter of the celebrated S̲h̲aik̲h̲ al-Islām Wānī Efendi. Introduced by his father-in-law to the court of Sulṭān Meḥemmed IV. he was appointed tutor to Prince Muṣṭafā in 1080 and to Prince Aḥmed in 1089 and filled this office till 1097. On the deposition of Meḥemmed IV he became S̲h̲aik̲h̲ al-Islām under his successor Suleimān II. on the 12th Rabīʿ I. 1099 (16th January 1688) but was deposed on the 28th Ḏj̲umādā II. (30th April…

, the Turkish name of the island of Chios (corrupted from the Greek εἰΣ Χίον) and at the same time the word for mastic (μαστίχη) which is only found on this island and is obtained in excellent quality from the Pistacia Lentiscus L. and was very popular in the East as a valuable drug in the middle ages and, indeed, still is in modern times. How old the form sāḳiz is, is shown by the occurrence of the word as an appellative in Kuman and Old Turkish (Houtsma, Türkïsch-Arabisches Glossar, p. 37) and in Persian (Josaphat Barbaro, Viaggio in Persia — Anno 1471—, Venice 1543, p. 59b: Syo è luogo molto nomi…

, son-in-law of the Sulṭān. Under the early Ottoman Sulṭāns, princesses ( sulṭān) of the royal house were occasionally given in marriage to the vassal princes of Asia Minor, for example, to the Ḳaramānog̲h̲lu, and even to the viziers and generals of the sovereign; the case of the saint Amīr Sulṭān of Brusa, who married a daughter of Bāyazīd I is quite unique not only for that but also for later periods. We afterwards find Grand Viziers, Kapudan Pas̲h̲as, Ag̲h̲as of Janissaries, Bostānd̲j̲ibas̲h̲is and other…

, son of a merchant of Dewelu Ḳaraḥiṣār, named Aḥmed Ag̲h̲a, was born in Constantinople in mo and entered upon his official career in the offices of the Sublime Porte. Owing to the protection of the celebrated Rāg̲h̲ib Pas̲h̲a (Grand vizier 1170—1176), whose pupil he was in the elaborate prose of the official style, he received a secretarial appointment to the Grand Vizier on the 19th Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 1153 (5th January 1741), which he held for many years. On the 15th Muḥarram 1169 he was appointed Raʾīs al-Kuttāb (i. e. Minister of Foreign affairs) and, in addition to other high offi…

(in Wāṣif, Čelebi Zāde al-Seiyid Ḥasan) was the son of Rusčuḳ Čelebi al-Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ Suleimān Ag̲h̲a, who is mentioned in the year 1770 as leader of the troops of Rusčuk, Silistria and Giurgewo in the war against Russia (1769—1774). He himself took part with distinction in the Krīm-Ḵh̲ān Gīrāi’s raid into the Ukraine in the winter of 1769 which war became celebrated in Baron Tott’s description ( Mémoires, iii. 171— 201), as serden gečdī ag̲h̲asī (chief of volunteers). In the course of the campaign he was rewarded for the financial support which he had given the Grand-V…

The Turkoman dynasty of the sons of Dānis̲h̲mand originated, according to Oriental authors, in Malatya (the Melitene of the Byzantines) and traced its descent from the Arab Çid, Baṭṭāl G̲h̲āzī [q. v., p. 680] who fell in 740 in battle with the Byzantines; according to Niketas (Bonn edition), p. 45, they were of Arsakid descent. Their ancestor, Malik Dānis̲h̲mand Aḥmad G̲h̲āzī, invaded Asia in alliance with and in the train of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ Ḳilid̲j̲ Arslān I. and founded an independent kingdom t…

, known as Yemis̲h̲d̲j̲i, (the greengrocer) was a native of Albania and entering the service of the Serai rose from züflü balṭad̲j̲i (halberdier) to ḳapud̲j̲i bas̲h̲i (chamberlain). His countryman, the grand vizier Sinān Pas̲h̲a made him an ag̲h̲a of the Janissaries in the beginning of Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 1002 (8th July 1594) during the Hungarian war; in Rabīʿ II 1003 (December 1594), he was dismissed, but reinstated in S̲h̲awwāl 1003 (June 1595); in Ḏj̲umādā I 1004 (January 1596) he became wālī of S̲h̲īrwān and on his return from there Wazīr of th…

(in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa: Sabartā; Sabārṭa in the Arabic translation of the Acts of the Apostles, xxi. 1, for the Greek Patara, cf. Ztschr. d. Deulschen Morg. Gcselhch., ix. 731), the ancient Baris Pisidiae (Pliny, Nat. Hist., v. § 147; Ptolemy v. 5 § 5), was taken from the Byzantines by the Ṣald̲j̲ūḳs of Ḳōnya in the reign of Ḳilid̲j̲ Arslan III (600— 601 = 1203—1204) (Houtsma, Rec. de Textes rel. a l’Hist. des Seldjoucides, iii. 62 = iv, 26). After the downfall of the kingdom of Ḳōnya Isparta belonged to the Ḥamīdog̲h̲lu [q. v.] and was sold by the last ruler of this dynast…

, i.e. the Ḳaraḥiṣār of Dewelu ( dewelenin ḳarāḥisārī in Nas̲h̲rī, Zeitschr. der Deutsch. Morgenl. Ges., xv. 341 and Leunclavius, Hist. Mus., 334) so-called after the district of Dewelu (Houtsma, Recueil etc., iii. 104 et seq.) to distinguish it from other Ḳarāḥiṣārs in Asia Minor, 30 miles S. W. of Ḳaiṣarīya, is frequently mentioned in Sald̲j̲ūḳ history (Houtsma, Recueil, iv. passim), at a later period belonged to the kingdom of the Banī Artena (cf. Max van Berchem, Matériaux, etc., 3rd Part., p. 41 and 48) and then to the Karamanog̲h̲lu, and was taken in 794 (1391-1392) …

, the capital of the ḳaẓā of the same name in the sand̲j̲aḳ of Ṣāruk̲h̲ān, in the wilāyet of Aidīn, important for its manufactures of carpets (particularly sed̲j̲āde, the socalled prayer-carpets) originally belonged to the territory of the Ḳarasiog̲h̲lu and passed with the rest under Ottoman rule in 1340; the modern town has about 5000 inhabitants of whom 4000 are Muḥammadans and 1000 Greeks (Müned̲j̲d̲j̲imbas̲h̲i, iii. 36; Ḏj̲ihānnumā, p. 635; Cuinet, Turquie l’Asie, iii. 556 et seq.) (J. H. Mordtmann)

(Smyrna), the most important commercial town in Asiatic Turkey and the residence of the Wālī of the province of Aidīn. The form Izmīr (in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa: Yazmīr) corresponds to the form used by Westerners in the middle ages, Smirc, Zmirra, etc. (Tomaschek, p. 28; Esmira in Ram Muntaner, c. 202; Ismira in Schiltberger). On the incursion of the Sald̲j̲ūḳs into Asia Minor at the end of the xith century the Turk Tzachas (Τζαχᾶα, only in Anna Comnena), the father-in-law of Ḳilid̲j̲ Arslān I, who lived in Nicaea, established himself in Smyrna and undertook from there hi…

, a Turkoman dynasty, which ruled for about a century and a half in Malaṭya and Albistān, and was founded about the middle of the xivth century. Zain al-Dīn Karad̲j̲a b. Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳadr is said to have been the first of the line; he was succeeded by his son Ḵh̲alīl (780?, 782?—788 a. h). Karad̲j̲a conquered Albistān, Ḵh̲alīl Marʿas̲h̲, Malaṭya, Ḵh̲arput and Behesnī, but the authorities disagree as to the date of these conquests; both fell in battle with the Egyptian governors of Damascus and Aleppo. Ḵh̲alīl was succeeded by his brother Sūlī Beg (788—…

, Princes of the Valley, is the popular name given to those influential officials who made themselves independent from the beginning of the xviiith century in Asia Minor and from being officers of the Porte gradually became its vassals. Tolerated and recognised by the government but occasionally also overthrown, if they openly rebelled and disturbed the peace of the country, they founded dynasties and ruled extensive areas, so that at the beginning of the xixth century only the Eyālets of Karaman and Anadolu were still ruled by the Porte’s governors. The Derebeys foll…