Search

Abū Saʿd al-Muḥassin b. Muḥammad b. Karāma al-Jishumī, known as al-Ḥākim al-Jishumī (d. 494/1101), was a Muʿtazilī theologian, Ḥanafī jurist, and exegete of the Qurʾān. Al-Jishumī was born in 413/1022 in the town of Jishum, located near Bayhaq in western Khurāsān. He came from a family that traced its lineage back to ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (d. 40/661) through his son Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya (d. 81/700). Al-Jishumī started his religious education in Jishum and moved around Khurāsān to further his command of several fields. He studied ḥadīth and Muʿtazilī theology with Abū Ḥāmid al-Naj…

Abū ʿUmar Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Ḥafṣ, known as Ibn al-Khallāl al-Baṣrī (b. before 300/912, d. after 377/988), was a Muʿtazilī scholar and judge. He was born in Basra, where he probably began his education in Muʿtazilī thought under the theologian Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-Ṣaymarī (d. 315/927). He then moved to Baghdad and became the disciple of Ibn al-Ikhshīd (d. 326/938), who was the leading figure of one of the branches of the Muʿtazila in the city that came to be known as the Ikhsīdid branch. In addition to theology, Ibn al-Khallāl studied Shāfiʿī law (fiqh) with Ibn al-Ikhshīd and became ch…