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name of a newspaper (1943-45) and a bilingual (Persian and Armenian) monthly journal (1971-74). A version of this article is available in print Volume XII, Fascicle 6, pp. 581 HUR, name of a newspaper and a monthly journal published in Tehran. (1) The newspaper Hur covered political issues and also carried advertisements. It began publication in Ordibehešt 1322 Š./May 1943 and continued until issue 19 of the third year, 2 Šahrivar 1324 Š./ 24 August 1945; but it suffered a number of closures in its short life. The newspaper was publish…

(The impartial), a news and political affairs journal published in Persian and French in Tehran (1913-14). A version of this article is available in print Volume IV, Fascicle 3, pp. 309 BĪṬARAF (The impartial), a news and political affairs journal published in Persian and French in Tehran (1913-14). Bīṭaraf began as a bilingual Tehran weekly at the beginning of 1331/January, 1913. It later was published two and finally three times weekly. After the publication of the sixtieth issue in Šaʿbān, 1332/July, 1914, its name was changed to Eṭṭelāʿāt, and it continued to be published with…

an evening daily published in Tehran from 31 May 1910-17 August 1911; it was the organ of the small Unity and Progress party (Ḥezb-e ettefāq o taraqqī) and was published by the party’s leader, the well-known constitutionalist Zayn-al-ʿĀbedīn Mostaʿān-al-Molk A version of this article is available in print Volume VIII, Fascicle 6, pp. 655 ESTEQLĀL-e ĪRĀN, an evening daily published in Tehran from 22 Jomādā I 1328 to 22 Šaʿbān 1329 (31 May 1910-17 August 1911), the last issue being 2/59. It was the organ of the small Unity and Progress party (Ḥezb-e e…

cultural magazine published in the early days of 1917 in Tehran by Sayyed Reżā Yazdi “Amir Reżwāni” (d. 1936), first twice a week and from its sixth year three times a week. A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 1, pp. 103-104 GOLŠAN, cultural magazine published in the early days of 1296 Š./1917 in Tehran by Sayyed Reżā Yazdi “Amir Reżwāni” (d. 25 Esfand 1314 Š./16 March 1936), first twice a week and from its sixth year three times a week. None of its early issues is available in major libraries. After some issu…

(lit., “justice”), a Tehran afternoon newspaper, 1942-61. A version of this article is available in print Volume VI, Fascicle 5, pp. 545-546 DĀD (lit., “justice”), a Tehran afternoon newspaper issued daily from 20 Mehr 1321 Š./12 October 1942 to 27 Farvardīn 1340 Š./16 April 1961, with four brief interruptions when it was banned. The publisher and managing editor was Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAmīdī Nūrī (1323-1401 = 1360 Š./1905-81), a lawyer and representative for Māzandarān in the Majles. The first editor-in-chief was Moṣṭafā A…

(Brotherhood), the name of four newspapers and one magazine published in Tabriz, Rašt, Shiraz, Kermānšāh, and Baghdad in the early 1900s. OḴOWWAT (Brotherhood), the name of four newspapers and one magazine published in Tabriz, Rašt, Shiraz, Kermānšāh, and Baghdad in the early 1900s. 1-In Tabriz, the first issue of Oḵowwat newspaper was appeared on the 2 Ḏu’l-ḥejja, 1324/17 January 1907, and would continue to be issued three times a week. No reference is made, in the masthead, to the editors, writers, or publishers. It should be noted that, Oḵowwat, contrary to Moḥammd ʿAli Tarbiat’…

a monthly literary journal and the organ of a society of the same name, published in two series in Isfahan by the poet and calligrapher Mirzā ʿAbbās Khan Dehkordi Šeydā (1299/1882-1328 Š./1949), who, in 1908, also published Baladiya-ye Eṣfahān (see Baladīya). DĀNEŠKADA-YEEṢFAHĀN, a monthly literary journal and the organ of a society of the same name, published in two series in Isfahan by the poet and calligrapher Mirzā ʿAbbās Khan Dehkordi Šeydā (1299/1882-1328 Š./1949), who, in 1908, also published Baladiya-ye Eṣfahān (see Baladīya). The first series ran in seven issues fr…

literary, socio-satirical newspaper, published 1918-1924. A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 1, pp. 58 GOL-E ZARD, literary, socio-satirical newspaper, published from 27 Šaʿbān 1336/7 June 1918 until 19 Ḏu’l-qaʿda 1342/ 22 June 1924, first every ten days, then biweekly, and, from the third year, weekly. It was suspended on two occasions, once for seventeen days and again for forty days, without the reason being made clear. Gol-e zard was published by Yaḥyā Samiʿiān “Rayḥān” with the support of Majmaʿ (Anjoman)-e adabi-e dāneškada, led…

(Wrinkle), a Persian newspaper which commenced publication in Esfand, 1332 Š./February, 1954, and lasted until 1353 Š./1974. A version of this article is available in print Volume III, Fascicle 2, pp. 182 ĀŽANG (Wrinkle), a Persian newspaper which commenced publication in Esfand, 1332 Š./February, 1954, and lasted until 1353 Š./1974. The license-holder and director was Sayyed Kāẓem Masʿūdī. Featuring news and political comments, Āžang was one of the twelve licensed dailies in Tehran at that time, but in most years only three or four issues per week were act…

a journal of news and political comment published at Tehran in 1333-1915. A version of this article is available in print Volume II, Fascicle 8, pp. 792-793 ʿAṢR-E ENQELĀB, later ʿAHD-E ENQELĀB, a journal of news and political comment published at Tehran in 1333-1915. Both titles mean “the age of revolution.” Publication under the first title began on 15 Rabīʿ I 1333/31 January 1915. One issue per week was printed until no. 6, thereafter two and later three per week. The holder of the publication license was Mīrzā Āqā Khan…

the title of five newspapers and magazines printed in Persia and Europe. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 3, pp. 264-265 FARHANG, the title of five newspapers and magazines printed in Persia and Europe. Presented chronologically they are: 1. Farhang or Farhang-e-Eṣfahān. This was the first newspaper in Isfahan, commencing publication in Jomādā I 1296/April 1879. Beginning with the second year of publication, the name of the city was printed in large letters at the top of the front page; thus it is sometimes referred to as Farhang-e-Eṣfahān. The supposi…

title of five Persian newspapers. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 1, pp. 54 ETTEFĀQ, title of five Persian newspapers. 1. A constitutionalist newspaper published by Mīrzā Ḥabīb-Allāh Khan ʿAkkās-bāšī in Solṭānābād (later Arāk) in 1326-27/1908-9. It was associated with the Anjoman-e ḥoqūq-e mellī, Šoʿba-ye Ṭehrān (Assembly for National Rights, Tehran Branch) and carried local news in addition to its political features. Its editor was Āqā Asad-Allāh. Issues were undated, and the last known issue is numbered 1/15…

a monthly literary journal published from Ṯawr 1297/April 1918 to Ṯawr 1298/April 1919 in Tehran by the distinguished poet, literary critic, and scholar Moḥammad-Taqi Malek-al-Šoʿarāʾ Bahār, considered the leading Persian literary figure of his time. It was named for a literary society founded by Bahār a year earlier. DĀNEŠKADA, amonthly literary journal published from Ṯawr 1297/April 1918 to Ṯawr 1298/April 1919 in Tehran by the distinguished poet, literary critic, and scholar Moḥammad-Taqi Malek-al-Šoʿarāʾ Bahār, considered the leading Pers…

title of five newspapers, of which four were published in Persia and one in Baghdad, Iraq. A version of this article is available in print Volume XIII, Fascicle 5, pp. 480-483 IRĀN, the title of five newspapers, of which four were published in Persia and one in Baghdad, Iraq. 1. IRĀN, the official organ of the Persian government, was published from 11 Moḥarram 1288 to 14 Ḏu’l-qaʿda 1326 (1 April 1871-8 December 1908), as a substitute when the publication of three governmental journals ( Ruz-nāma-ye dawlat-e ʿaliya-ye Irān, ʿElmiya, and Mellati) was suspended in late February 1871 by …

the first Persian magazine entirely devoted to cinematography (1930). SINEMĀ WA NEMĀYEŠĀT, the first Persian magazine entirely devoted to cinematography. It was planned as a monthly magazine but closed down altogether after the first two issues (Mordād and Šahrivar 1309 Š./July and August 1930), due to the lack of popular support (Omid, p. 895). The publisher was ʿAli Wakili (b. Tabriz, 1887; d. Tehran, 1968), a businessman and the owner of the movie theater Sepah in Tehran, and Esḥāq Zanjāni, the manager of the same theater, was the director and chief editor. Sinemā wa nemāyešāt was pri…

name of an educational magazine (Isfahan, 1933-35) and a political newspaper (Isfahan and Tehran, 1935-45). A version of this article is available in print Volume III, Fascicle 5, pp. 540 BĀḴTAR, the name of (1) a Persian educational magazine published at Isfahan in 1312 Š./1933-1314 Š./1935 and (2) a Persian political newspaper published at Isfahan and Tehran from 1314 Š./1935 to 1324 Š./1945. (On the word bāḵtar see above.) (1) The educational magazine was launched at Isfahan in Āḏar, 1312 Š./November, 1933. The publication license was held by Naṣr-Allāh Sayfpū…

lit. "the Islamic call"; a monthly religious journal published in Kermānšāh from November-December 1927 to June 1936. A version of this article is available in print Volume VII, Fascicle 2, pp. 140 DAʿWAT-E ESLĀMĪ (The Islamic call), a monthly religious journal published in Kermānšāh from Jomādā II 1346/November-December 1927 to Tīr 1315 Š./June 1936. Beginning in the fourth year only ten issues were published a year, with a religious treatise substituted for the other two. The first issue was identified as number 3, apparently…

lit., “The world”; name of several Persian journals and newspapers. A version of this article is available in print Volume VII, Fascicle 5, pp. 498-499 DONYĀ (lit., “The world”), name of several Persian journals and newspapers. 1. The earliest Donyā was a Marxist monthly journal published in Tehran from Bahman 1312 Š./February 1933 until Ḵordād 1314 Š./June 1935. Its founder and editor was Taqī Arānī, a chemist who had become a Marxist while studying in Berlin. Donyā was the first theoretically oriented Marxist journal in Persia. Because of official and popular oppositi…

title of a Persian newspaper and a magazine. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 1, pp. 57-58 EṬṬELĀʿ, title of a Persian newspaper and a magazine. 1. A semi-official government weekly (sometimes biweekly) newspaper published in Tehran from 27 Rabīʿ II 1298 to 24 Šaʿbān 1325/28 March 1881-2 October 1907. Until its last two years it was distributed as a supplement to the government newspaper Īrān. It was established at the order of Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah (Eʿtemād-al-Salṭana, Rūz-nāma, p. 103). Like other newspapers printed in the capital, it was unde…

official journal of the Ministry of Justice from 1928. MAJALLA-YE RASMI-E ṮABT-E AMLĀK WA ASNĀD (later Majalla-ye rasmi-e Wezārat-e ʿadliya/dādgostari), the official journal of the Ministry of Justice. It started with three issues a week on 1 Ḵordād 1307 Š. (22 May 1928) as the organ of the Bureau of the Registration of Documents and Deeds (Edāra-ye ṯabt-e asnād wa amlāk) before becoming the organ of the Ministry of Justice on June 10. It became a daily journal from the second year of its publication. In 1943 it merged with Majmuʿa-yeḥoquqi, another publication of the Ministry since …